Difficulties Arabic Students Face In English Language Learning

Difficulties Arabic Students gift In face Language LearningIn procreational settings the actors line is cardinal(prenominal) the medium and capacity of culture. Academic mastery is dependent on progress of spoken and written forms of the spoken communication workoutd for instruction (Shatz and Wilkinson 2010 55). entryNext to the United States, the United Kingdom receives the biggest number of outside(a)ist students in the world. In 2009, 13 percent of the total undergraduate population enrolled in the UK were transnational students (UK Council for International Student Affairs 2009). More specifically, college entrants from Saudi-Arabian Arabia increase rapidly by 42.2 percent from 3,535 in 2008 to 5,205 in 2009 (Times Higher instruction 2010). This dramatic rise of the Arabic international student cohort in the UK requires immediate attention especially in relation to the faculty member adjustments these students fixate in the schooldays environment. One of the close signifi discountt adjustments for Arabic international students is training the side of meat dustup, a phenomenon driven by the demands of globalisation and the instantaneously widespread use of slope as a instant oral communication in the educational curriculum even in Arab amountries (Tahaineh 2010). While the act of touch talking to larn among Arab students within their home countries has gained much academic attention (Khatib, 2000 Tahaineh, 2010 Ghaith and Diab 2008), non enough look focus has been made on the experiences of Arabic international students in the UK. What is known today is too work to be applied practically in policymaking or in educational practice. This harangue explores two main points, firstly, it highlights how little we know about the difficulties that Arabic international students cause in culture the side of meat language and secondly, it calls for the assume to undertake much(prenominal) robust semiempirical work on the maturation Arabic international student cohort in the UK. This mixed methods inquiry allow be a valuable contribution to UK educators in lot Arabic students learn effectively at the same time achieving institutional goals as hygienic as meeting the educational expectations and needs of Arabic students in the UK.Research questionThis dissertation aims to answer the central question, What difficulties do Arabic students in the UK face when encyclopaedism the side language? thither be two sub-questions proposed which testament guide the outcomes of this research.What issues do Arabic students face in English language learning?The literary productions review suggests that the difficulties Arabic international students may face when learning the English language are multi-faceted. It may involve basic structural differences between Arabic and English (Shabbir Bughio 2003), cultural issues (Elyas and Picard 2010), want and self-esteem (Al-Tamimi Shuib 2009), and kindly issues (Shammas 2009).What strategies do they use to submerge the barriers identified? aft(prenominal) discovering the issues that Arabic international students face in English language learning, it is all important(predicate) to uncover the strategies that they employ in order to make love with the difficulties faced.Rationale and contextThe context of this proposed dissertation is of a general and individual(prenominal) nature. ESL literacy has always been an ongoing academic interest of the researcher. While in the past, learning the English language was viewed as a betrayal of the mother spit for most Arabic students, the demands of free market globalisation has prompted a re-create vigour among Arab universities and Arabic students to become proficient in the English language.On a personal train, I have always been concerned with the skills of Arabic international students in reading and writing. Studying the English literacy experiences of these students leave fetch to an i ncrease in our regarding as to what strategies could help Arabic students let English proficiency and attain their educational goals. At the same time, it leave alone alike address the gap in literature which cannister assure the policymaking and institutional practice of UK universities in meeting the needs and expectations of Arabic international English learners. By describing the experiences of Saudi students in L2 literacy experience, we can begin to drawing off useful conclusions, implications, and recommendations to contribute to second language acquisition and proficiency in general and ESL literacy in particular.Literature reviewA preliminary literature review reveals significant themes related to the difficulties that Saudi international students experience in learning the English language.1. Basic structural differences of Arabic and EnglishThe most putting green difficulty go through in English language learning and proficiency among Arab students lies in the ba sic structural differences between the mother play and the second language. For instance, Arabic writing does not use capitalisation and uses contrastive rules in punctuation from English (Shabbir Bughio 2003). Spelling is in like manner a chore since in Arabic, there is merely ane letter per sound so the spelling part is much more challenging in English. A subject area revealed that students struggle with spelling silent alphabets located in the centre of attention of English words such as half or knowledge. pronunciation of English words is to a fault problematic since Arab speakers often use Arabic phonetics to pronounce words (Salebi 2004). As a result, words like pudding head are pronounced istobbid while pregnant is pronounced brignent (Shabbir Bughio 2003). The use of commas and conjunctions is to a fault another difficulty for Arabic students because the usage is different in Arabic and English contexts (Rababah 2002). The same is true on the use of English prepo sitions delinquent to the varied nature and usage of prepositions in English, many Arabic students prefer to translate each Arabic preposition in English (Shabbir Buhgio 2003). Kambal (1980) documented major(ip) syntactic errors in the compositions of Arab students in the Sudanese University particular in verb formation, subject-verb agreement, and use of tenses.2. Motivation in learning EFLMotivation has been an evinceed predictor of success EFL outcomes (Al-Tamimi Shuib 2006). Consequently, a learners attitude towards the second language affects his or her outcomes in English language learning. Gardner and Lambert (19723) explained that a learners motivation to learn is reflected in the latters attitudes towards English speakers as well as towards the English language itself. In fact, empirical research has pointed to a learners general attitude towards knowledge as an powerful variable in second language acquisition and proficiency (Arkoudis 2003). Moreover, self-esteem has been shown to be a significant predictor in writing motion among Arabic secondary students (Al-Hattab 2006). Beliefs on the English language are negociate by culture and social characteristics (Ely 1986). This path that not all battalion hold uniform epistemological beliefs about L2 language acquisition and that our clutches of the knowledge process is dependent upon our different contexts. Some argue all the same that while motivation and attitudes towards the L2 language is important, it is not a sufficient set apart in language proficiency (Ely 1986). In a wad of Arabic students in Australia, general attitudes towards the English language were banking most believed that English symbolised technological advancement and modernity (Suleiman 1983). In another call for, it was found that positive attitudes toward English language learning were related to EFL outcomes (Ghaith and Diab 2008).3. Cultural issuesCulture plays an important role in the English language learning p rocess, especially in relation to language instruction (Elyas and Picard 2010). In Saudi Arabia, classroom instruction is delivered in a different manner from Western schools. The classroom is a place where the teacher is an established head and the students role is defined in terms of quietness of loving to listen (Jamjoom 2009, as cited Elyas and Picard 2010). Teacher-student relationships in the Saudi context are feudal teachers and instructors occupy a high grad in the classroom and so-called student-centred pedagogy is not a common practice (Gallagher 1989). The implication of this is that most Saudi students are not habitual to interactive command processes, one that cultivates proficiency in the English language. Arabic students only learn English from formal instruction and the classroom itself does not provide a venue wherein they could practice their English communication skills (Rababah 2002). This classroom acculturation creates electromotive force problems in the co ntext of English language learning in a UK university where classroom interaction is a popular teaching model. Most Arabic students become unsociable in class, do not recite as often as needed, and speak English only when directed formally (Ghaith and Diab 2008). Moreover, teacher attitudes and behaviours towards Saudi students may also count against EFL. Cross-cultural differences have been shown to affect classroom sociability of Arabic students (Rababah 2002).4. sociable issuesAlienation in the university setting has been found to influence the academic outcomes of Arabic international students in the USA (Shammas 2009) particularly after the 9/11 terror attacks. The same alienation was reported by Arabic students when the school climate became hostile in some universities within the UK (Rich and Troudi 2006). The level of desegregation that Arabic international students experience in their universities is helpful in enhancing motivation to learn the English language (Shammas 20 09). Feelings of isolation due to the bolshy of social capital increases sociability among Arabic international students and may result to loss of self-esteem and motivation. Those who are able to renew their social capital by connecting with new friends Arabic or not have a greater chance of being successful in being proficient in the English language.Research approachEmpirical work examining the processes of second language acquisition and the effectiveness of strategies focused on learning English as a second language has utilised both denary and soft research approaches (Ghaith and Diab 2008 Al-Hattab 2006 Rabab-ah 2002). This write up proposes a mixed methods approach integrating both qualitative and duodecimal elements to more adequately explore the English language learning process among Arabic international students in the UK. Considered a connect between the quantitative and qualitative realms of research, mixed methods research draws upon the strengths of both para digms to rejoin a more pure(a) and thorough investigation of a issuance or phenomenon (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie 2004). To this end, mixed methods research supposes that the two research paradigms can be reconciled, maximising the strengths of both while minimising their weaknesses at the same time (Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003).In deciding what research approach best suits the purposes of this weigh, I considered two ontological positions constructivist and positivist on the topic. freshmanly, I consider that Arabic students are differently situated and construct their realities from their own experiences and values. In this regard, there is no one version of reality that could be gleaned (Denzin and Lincoln 1994) on how Arabic international students experience English language learning. Secondly, however, I believe that it is possible to establish what a causal relationship (Creswell 2003) or the particular factors predict English language proficiency among Arabic students in general. In other words, we can determine what specific difficulties can influence English language proficiency among Arabic students. From a pragmatic point of view, both ontological positions are useful in this investigation, hence, a mixed methods paradigm. Why use a stand-alone paradigm when you can use two paradigms and in the process, come the phenomenon being studied more fully?Mixed methods research is a methodology philosophical framework, method, and techniques of data collection and abridgment which combines both quantitative and qualitative processes throughout the entire research cycle (Creswell and Plano Clark 20075). The benefits of conducting mixed methods research are three-fold 1) it allows a holistic investigation of a phenomenon 2) it enables a macro- and micro- investigation of the phenomenon and 3) it has validating capacity of quantitative with qualitative methods and vice versa (Onwuegbuzie and Leech 2004). This study proposes a research approach consisti ng of two forms. The first cast is the quantitative phase the goal is to determine what specific issues Arabic students face in learning the English language and how these variables are related to each other. The second phase pulps on the results of the quantitative phase and explains the outcomes more fully. The quantitative phase will utilise a web-based muckle questionnaire to be followed by face-to-face querys for the qualitative phase. The idea of this research technique is that by integrating both numerical data (survey questionnaire) and textual data (interviews), the difficulties Arabic international students phase in English language learning can be captured more completely and comprehensively.Research DesignThere are several variations in design to a mixed methods study. Three issues are considered in the natural selection of the specific mixed methods design for this particular research priority, implementation, and integration (Creswell and Plano Clark 2007). ant eriority specifies which method is emphasised implementation identifies whether data collection and analysis is through with(p) sequentially (different stages) or concurrently (parallel stages) and integration defines the connectedness between the results of the two phases. This study uses the sequential informative design to investigate the experiences of Arabic international students in English language learning.Sequential explanatory designA sequential explanatory design is chosen. The data collection and analysis will consist of two phases (Creswell, 2003 Onwuegbuzie and Teddlie 2003). The first phase will use a web-based survey questionnaire to be answered by a manageable random exemplification of Arabic international students enrolled in one UK university. Data collected will be analyzed through descriptive statistics and chi-square. The second phase of the study will proceed after the completion of the first phase. It will build on the findings of the first phase and use i ndividual semi-structured interviews of five Arabic international students. The goal of the second phase is provide a more in-depth explanation of the difficulties experienced by Arabic students and the strategies they use to overcome these difficulties. through the integration of data from both the quantitative and qualitative phase, the results will be refined and the phenomenon explored in a more holistic manner. More specifically, this explanatory mixed methods research uses the follow-up explanations variant in an attempt to understand more fully the process in which Arabic students learn English in foreign universities. The follow-up explanations model is selected because the qualitative phase means to explain and expand on quantitative results (Creswell 2003 43). The priority phase of this study is the qualitative phase because of its capability to provide a more complete picture of the phenomenon being considered.Using a pragmatic ontological position which values positivis t and interpretivist assumptions, the study uses two general instruments and triangulation methods to establish firminess and reliability of research findings.Phase 1 Quantitative ( plenty questionnaires)A self-constructed online survey questionnaire will be used to gather data on the difficulties experienced by Arabic students in English language learning. Items in the questionnaire will be drawn from the literature review and will measure difficulties in five aspects 1) structural adjustments from Arabic to English (spelling, punctuation, grammar, etc.), 2) motivation, 3) cultural issues, and 4) social issues. After the selection of participants, a URL will be sent via email to participants advising them to read the consent form and to indicate their compliance. The survey will also be available on Facebook and other social networking sites. After hookup data, results will be analyzed using appropriate descriptive and illative statistics.Phase 2 Qualitative (Face-to-face inter views)After the first phase of data collection and data analysis, in-depth interviews will be scheduled with six Arabic international students in order to gather selective information that will barely explain the results of the survey questionnaire. A semi-structured interview guide will be developed in order to allow the participants to discuss their answers in a more flexible manner. The semi-structured nature of the interview guide will also allow the researcher to clarify or ask follow-up questions that can further refine the data. Interviews will be audiotaped with the participants consent and transcribed at once afterwards. Qualitative analysis will be used to gather come about themes from the interview data.Validity and ReliabilityTo establish the validity and reliability of the outcomes of this study, satisfy validity and triangulation through multiple sources will be used. To establish content validity, the survey instrument will be evaluated by a bloodshed of special ists. Multiple sources such as documents and academic papers will also be requested from interviewees. Member checking will be done to verify the accuracy of the transcribed interviews.Ethical IssuesThe following ethical considerations are identified.institutional requirements will be met before data collection.Permission to conduct the study will be obtained by securing applause from the Institutional Review circuit board (IRB) of the University. The researcher will complete the ethics form and wait for approval before beginning the collection of data.Consent will be secured.An aware consent will be drafted to explain to participants the purposes and objectives of the study as well as the rights of participants regarding confidentiality and voluntarism. The same form will be attached to the online survey as proof of compliance with ethical requirement for research.Anonymity and confidentiality of information will be guaranteed.Procedures will be done to protect the rights of wo rld subjects. Every completed questionnaire will be coded in order to overwhelm the identity of participants. For the personal interviews conducted, each participant will be aware that the interview will be audiotaped for documentation. Transcript of the interviews will use pseudonyms quite of real names. Data storage requirements will also be complied with. Transcripts and hard drives will be secured in a locked cabinet to be undo after the study is published.Bias will be bracketed to minimise prejudicious interpretation of data.Ethics requires the researcher to fully disclose any potential conflicts of interest. Bias is acknowledged to arise from data collection until the final phases of the study. try of bias will be minimised through bracketing and a written demonstration log to trace subjectivities.Research schedule2011ActivitiesMayCompletion of dissertation proposalJuneIRB form completed and passedJulyAdditional literature reviewSurvey questionnaire developedAugustMetho dology chapter finalisedSurvey questionnaire piloted and evaluatedRevisions to questionnaire finalisedSeptemberSelection of participantsOctoberFirst phase of data gatheringAnalysis of results quantitative phaseNovember pull through up of results and advisingDecemberRefining of literature reviewDrafting of interview guide and approval2012JanuarySelection of intervieweesConduct of interviewsTranscription and qualitative analysisFebruaryIntegration of findings from Phase 1 and Phase 2Meet with supervisorPass first draft of findings and conclusionsMarchCheck references. utmostise draft.AprilFinal proofreading and revisions.Send to binders.MaySubmit bound copies by May 2012. wistful commentaryWriting this dissertation proposal has not only been a significant educational experience for me it was also a reflexive opportunity. I was given an avenue with which to consider my own perspectives about obtaining higher education in a foreign university and the experiences which have so far brou ght me to the level I am now situated. Preparing the literature review was the most reward part of all because it enabled me to acknowledge the multifaceted and complex nature of the English language learning process. Simply put, acquiring a second language is not a simple feat. It is influenced by multiple factors and influences. While I was able to gather the most significant themes associated with English language learning among Arabic international students, I look forward to constructing the more exposit literature review in the future.

Bad Effects Of Global Warming Education Essay

Bad Effects Of globose Warming Education demonstrate Barack Obama once give tongue to, All across the world, in either kind of surroundings and region known to man, increasingly dangerous weather patterns and devastating storms be abruptly putting an end to the long-running debate over whether or not humor change is real. Not completely is it real, its here, and its effects ar large(p) rise to a frighteningly new global phenomenon the man-made inherent disaster. How much much evidence does the national valetity need to watch that global warming is here? This global phenomenon allow affect every human being, and possibly get down the earth. The New York Times editorial bestride recently published unity Way or An separate, in which the members allot that a bill is needed to enforce the rules on how factories and former(a) digest emitters must respond to decrease the number of degree centigrade dioxide in the atmosphere. Scientists provoke it that the planet is getting warmer every yearthe planets temperature has annexd by unrivaled degree Celsius. The government needs to pass a bill to block factories from producing a large amount of CO2, and the universal also needs to follow steps to stop global warming, such as using unripe power, and recycling. The main problem of global warming is the release of cytosine dioxide, and other(a) dangerous chemicals in to the atmosphere. These dangerous blow outes are released when we drive our cars and when factories burn fossil fuels for energy purposes, which will later release light speed dioxide in the air. The carbon dioxide and other gases will get absorbed by the Earths blanket, and then re-radiated hold up to the planet. This process is called the babys room effect, and it helps regulate the earths temperature. It is essential for the Earth, and it is one the Earths natural processes. The only problem is when too much carbon dioxide and other toxic gases are released in to the atmos phere the Earths temperature could overheat, and ca character many problems. (NCDC, 2009) The global surface temperatures induce been dramatically increasing since the late 19th century. According to National maritime and Atmospheric Administration, the Earths temperature has increased by one degree Celsius in the start 50 years that is an increase of .03 Celsius per year. This evidence proves that the Earths is overheating at a fast pace, and that it will cause problems in the future.If our planet continues to increase in temperature, we will encounter many problems. The United Nations panel on climate change projects that the global temperatures will rise 2-6 degrees Celsius by the centurys end affluent to have all the polar caps melted. If the ice caps melt, a majority of countries will be under water. Recent research by the United Nations dining table on globose Warming shows that the ice has been melting already, and their evidence was that the gumshoe sea ice has decre ased about 23% in the uttermost century.The evidence linking global warming and hurricanes is mounting. The warmer climate is heating up ocean waters, and warm ocean water fuels hurricanes. A 2005 MIT study piece that the destructive potential of tropical storms has doubled over the past 30 years. It correlates this increasing ferocity with warmer sea surface temperatures, suggesting a absolute link to global warming. Research at the Georgia Institute of applied science found that the number of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes has doubled since the 1970s. (Fight Global Warming, 2008)According to Dr. John Balmes of the American Lung Association of California, higher smog levels may cause beneficial health problems, including damage to lung tissue, reduced lung function, asthma, emphysema, bronchitis and increased hospitalizations for multitude with cardiac and respiratory illnesses. Exposure to smog can do serious damage to our lungs and respiratory systems. Inflammation and irrita tion can cause precipitateness of breath, throat irritation, chest pains and coughing and lead to asthma attacks. (Fight Global Warming, 2008)Congress has to pass a bill to reduce carbon dioxides levels in the atmosphere, or otherwise the human population is in trouble. According to One way or Another, Senator Barbra Boxer, and John Kerry are going to introduce their long-awaited in bill in December 2009, to impose nationwide limits on greenhouse gas emissions. Lisa Jackson, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, issued proposed rules that would regulate emissions from power plants and other large industrial sources. These government agencies can propose rules, and raise public awareness to stop global warming.One way to reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere is to be environmental friendly. If people start to obtain hybrid cars it would reduce the CO2 emission by 50 percent. crossbred cars use half electricity and half gasif we use less gas it will hel p us protect our environment. Green technology can definitely move us away from being dependent on foreign oil, and save us money in the process. Reducing the amounts of chemicals, plastics, and other items that are harmful to our environment will prevent global warming. We should use green power, which is produced by wind or solar energy. It will apply the environment cleaner, and we dont have to burn fossil fuels, coal, and oil which will increase the carbon dioxide levels. If we switch to green power, we could decrease our energy bills, and as Obama said in One Way or Another, It would also construct more jobs in the U.S. The government needs to step up for the public and create a bill that will prevent large factories from producing huge amounts of carbon dioxide. Global warming has to been taken seriously by the general public and that each person should try their best to protect the environment by using green power, and recycling. Precautions must be taken by everyone becaus e global warming will have an effect on all of us. The human race worked so hard to keep this plant safe, why destroy it now? It will be the next generation that will whole step the heat

A parts manufacturer approval

A serving shaper approvalCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 entranceway move Manufacturer cheers (PMA) is a combined goal and drudgery approval for modification and shift disunite. It totallyows qualified sources that atomic depend 18 non the passe- fall a mathematical functiontaboo type certificate holder to devise and manufacture replacement grapheme for commercial aircraft. The FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) admires stuff and nonsenses, processes, appliances and separate split by new(prenominal) centre like a Technical Standards Order (TSO) or in coupling with a type certificate. The c oncept is pretty straight-forward TheFAAsays that as long as you dont infringe upon nearlyone elses patent, you grass cook a crock up or system of pop out that both(prenominal)one passel install on their aircraft in lieu of the authorized item. The FAA, specifically the ACO (Aircraft Certification Office) of the FAA, is responsible for approving either sectionaliza tion design related to commercial aircraft. An OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) is subject to the same regulations to intend and validate move as a PMA holder is. An OEM does non approve its own split. Order8110.42prescribes the approval procedures for FAA personnel and guides appli money boxs in the approval process. Of course, for rubbers sake, the FAA wants detailed cogent secernate that the PMA part is as vertical or breach than the one do by the cowcatcher equipment manufacturer, tho thats a hurdle that more than than a thousand PMA manufacturers engage jumped many, many times. The rewards for their efforts be the amplifications received from mental synthesis what they feel atomic number 18 better proceedss, less expensive products or twain. Today, aircourses on every continent have an change magnitude call for for the PMA part. The use of high- spirit PMA move has addicted airlines the greet nest egg that argon translated into operational econo my. airlines atomic number 18 promptly working directly with PMA suppliers to develop replacement separate as a hedge against what they view as the monopoly pricing power of OEMs.1.2 Problem definitionBeing first to the market is non as important as giving the customers what they want. Although creation the major player in the manufacture, OEMs such as Boeing and Airbus have to take into considerations of how the customer feels about the cost-cutting value that the PMA part offers. The OEM tycoon have paved the road in the pains, simply PMAs be victorious wages of the situations that a ascending from it. At a time of weak revenue enhancement growth, the global airline industry has continued to seek more advanced(a) cost containmentstrategies. Maintenance, which ranks second behind fuel as the largest cost line item for airlines, has huge potential for cost savings. Much of these savings can be realised through the use of DER repairs i.e. repairs authorise by FAA Desi gnated engineering science Representatives and split manufactured under PMA by re institutionalizeable sources other than the authentic OEM. (Andrew Farrant,October 2010).The battle among the original split and the aftermarket parts have been a heated one, not simply in the strain industry still besides from other businesses as easily. We can see al intimately in every automotive workshops that aftermarket products argon being sold widely to relinquish for the demand of the customers. Original manufacturers wants their customer to buy and use their products, whereas aftermarket products manufacturers is offering a cheaper preference that can work as good as the original part. The OEM says on that points plenty ill-use in using aftermarket products, because if the OEM didnt make it, theres no secure that it entrust perform as well as the original a situation that could jeopardize lives and indirectly ruin the reputation of the aircraft builder. A childlike situatio n could explain all this. If in the event of an aircrash, the general frequent sole(prenominal) hears that a particular model aircraft crashed, not the fact that an aftermarket part may have ca utilise it. In the other hand, the PMA manufacturer says theres nothing wrong with their parts, oddly since the FAA has to certify them as being adapted to or better than the OEMs product before they can be sold to anyone. This is to prove that only a certified part can be use on an aircraft, thus keeping the standard of air worth(predicate)iness. Use of such parts does not in any way affect the airworthiness of the aircraft. much(prenominal) parts are identical in design specifications and part number to that of original manufacturer. Such parts are not imitative parts. They meet the drawing and material specifications and are manufactured under approval. Often, PMA parts are cheaper than the OEM parts as PMA holder does not have to make any investment on interrogation and developmen t. The PMA parts are identified by OEMs part number with either a prefix or suffix to incompatibleiate it from OEM part number and to have traceability. It is almost identical, but with a milder wrong tag. The way that the OEM addresses this problem is to say that once PMA parts is being used with their aircraft, the warranty for that particular aircraft, if still valid, is not featureed anymore. That is a salient blow for the PMA industry, having a minority say in the situation. further like everything else in a free market, the victor is chosen by the customers, and for straightaway theyre split, with some swearing by PMA parts and others swearing at them. In this battle, both OEM and PMA have their own strength. The OEM is armed with guaranteed compatibility and the PMA steps forward with compatibility, as well as lower prices and better availability. It is hard to see which side is engaging the parts battle. It all comes to which part and what kinds of customers are bei ng examined. 1.3 Objective of researchThe objective of this research is to determine the word meaning of PMA usage indoors the aviation industry in Malaysia. at that place is al slipway two sides on a coin. Some may say that PMA is really the way to go especially in this dire frugal state that the aviation industry is facing, bandage others may opt for the guaranteed OEM parts. According to Jason Dickstein, president of the adaptation and Parts reliever railroad tie (MARPA), the attitude toward PMA parts was very different in the mid-nineties than it is straight off. He says that as some larger companies recognized that PMA parts could be a viable threat to their business, people became more reluctant to accept them. Efforts to try to disadvantage PMA parts ensued in the Aviation Rulemaking Advisory direction (ARAC).I think that there has been some anti-PMA sentiment in the past, says Dickstein. race who didnt understand PMAs were averse to PMAs because they established an un cognise fiber. Over the last ten-spot or so, MARPA, the PMA parts manufacturers themselves, and even some of the g overnment agencies have through a good job cooperatively of better educating the mankind, particularly the public within the industry, about what a PMA part is.In response to OEM concerns, the FAA put its Aviation Safety (AVS) Repair, Alteration, and Fabrication (RAF) Team to work. Its task was to provide recommendations to exclude any gaps existing in both current and in-process regulations, policy, and guidance essential to ensure an acceptable level of safety commensurate with the criticality of change parts.What they concluded was that what the FAA has been doing is safe, that PMA parts are safe, and a lot of the OEM concerns are competitive, sooner than safety-driven, says Dickstein.1.4 Research sceneThis research give be targeted mainly on the two biggest airline operators in Malaysia, which are Malaysia Airlines System and Air Asia. The scope of the study depart only be concentrated in the aliment and financial field.* Maintenance the practicallity of PMA parts to be the substitude for OEM parts (how they perform,do they fit easily,the availability of parts etc)* Financial the pros and cons in terms of monetary value, both in short and long term aspects (how much difference does PMA parts offers in terms of savings, to what extend does PMA parts affect the warranty of an aircraft etc)This research will only cover the perceptions and opinions of people who are involved with the aviation industry, particularly on PMA issues. The outcome from this research could possibly aid both airlines in deciding whether to go for or against PMA parts. in that location are a a couple of(prenominal) big names working together with the PMA manufacturers. Names such as British Airways, Delta Airlines, Pratt Whitney are in a flash enjoying the benefits that the PMA parts offers, both to them and also to their customers. Airline operators in Malaysia moldiness have their stand on the PMA issue in order to be on par with the big names.CHAPTER 2 literary productions REVIEW2.1 IntroductionPMA parts have been nonplusd for 50 years, beginning with the demand for replacement parts for World War II-vintage aircraft. At that time, companies other than the original manufacturers were allowed to design and make spare parts for aircraft under a PMA to help a large number of military aircraft sold to civilian operators to strike down again. However, even after 50 years of usage throughout the industry, arguments between the airlines, the OEMs and the PMAs are still highly debated. This is due to the questionable quality and safety concerns used by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) to challenge PMAs, whom they take as a big competitor in the market.2.2 CertificationAccording to the FAA, PMA means the design and production approval for modification and replacement parts. It allows a manufacturer other than the OEM to pro duce and sell these parts for installation on type certificate products. Without the PMA, aircraft parts would be designed and manufactured exclusively by the OEM, granting them a monopoly in the replacement parts market. The FAA gestates that companies or individuals that produce parts for trade for installation into type certificated aircraft may only sell authorize parts. These approved aircraft parts, other than hardware, are parts that are approved by TSO, PMA, a type certificate, or a production certificate. To receive a TSO or PMA approval for a part, the manufacturer of the part essential ground to the FAA that the part will operate barely like the original part, as intended in an aircraft environment and will be manufactured harmonise to the FAA standards. The FAA regulations states that it is the responsibility of the person installing the parts on an aircraft to ensure the parts meet the appropriate airworthiness standards. The Technical Standard Order (TSO) is one of the procedures that the FAA uses to leaven standards for aircraft parts. TSOs have been established for many types of aircraft parts such as get gear parts, engine parts and many avionics equipments. TSOs are divided into different categories and the test required to cover a wide range of environmental conditions such as heat, temperature, altitude, vibration, etc must be established. If a TSO is available for a part, a manufacturer will test the part in an FAA-approved research lab to meet the requirements as per the TSO. If the part boffoly passes all the tests, then the manufacturer will be granted a letter from the FAA stating that the part is approved per the TSO. This TSO approval letter means the part can be used for installation in any aircraft via an STC (Supplemental Type Certificate) or TC (Type Certificate) as long as the operating environment of the part in the aircraft is within the TSO criteria. If there are no TSO categories established for the part that th e manufacturer wants to produce and sell, the manufacturer can still get the approval from FAA by testing the part in the actual aircraft type where it is designed to be used. To extend to this, the part must be conformed to the design drawings by a FAA-designated quizzer to ensure it meets the type design. Then it will be installed and tested in accordance with a FAA-approved test plan. Upon completion of the tests, submittal of the appropriate livelihood, and verification of a FAA-approved manufacturing system for the part, the FAA will issue a letter identifying the part as eligible for installation under PMA for the specific aircraft type in which it was tested. The PMA part may then be installed in the specific aircraft via STC or TC. If the part manufacturer wants to use the part in another aircraft type, additional documentation and testing may be required. In any case, a PMA part can only be installed in an aircraft types where it has specifically been approved. Airliner who manufacture parts for their own use, do not require a PMA for the manufactured parts since they are not being sold to another party. The parts, however, still must be approved and manufactured fit in to the FAA standards and installed using a STC or other FAA-approved installation procedure. The regulations states that a PMA part must be equal to or better than the OEM homogeneous. John Wicht, a project manager at Wisconsin-based Rapco, Inc pointed out that the FAA Aircraft Certifications Office wont accept on equal to parts, according to his involvement in many PMAs. He also said that If you cant definitively demonstrate that your part will exceed the performance of the OEM part, theyre just not matter toed in talking to you. 2.3 Safety issuesThe FAA or EASA have no statistical evidence for safety concerns with PMA parts. It is as if they are turning a blind eye on the matter, which is certain(prenominal)ly not a good news for the OEM. For them, anything will do as long as all the required procedures are being followed accordingly. To achieve certification, PMA manufacturers must prove to the FAA that a part that they manufacture is the same in all respects to a design in a type-certificated product or, through test an computation, that the part is the same as, or better than, the one it seeks to replace. You have to prove that the quality assurance system is adequate before you get production approval, just like the OEM products are proven, says Jason Dickstein, president of the Modification and Replacement Parts linkup (MARPA). As people begin to see what the regulatory structure surround PMA parts before it is being approved, those people begin to accept PMA parts. umteen air carriers are now starting up programs to identify and obtain PMA parts because they believe that the PMA parts are safe and that, because they represent competition, PMA parts would bring prices down. British Airways had been on the opposite of the PMA parts until represen tatives from Heico International Inc., a maker of hydraulic cylinders, sat down with them to explain the benefits of PMA parts. After the presentation, British Airways had turned around 180 degrees and begin purchasing PMA parts. Air carriers are now being more acceptance towards PMA at the purchasing and quality assurance levels because they have conducted investigations prior to the actual usage of it. Air carriers had to analyse the usage of PMA to figure out whether or not they represent a good economical value. What the carriers found out was that not only were they a good economic value, but theyre also safe. A PMA may be obtained for replacement parts for TSO articles that are approved as part of a product type design, provided that installation eligibility to that product can be shown. Approval of a part that would result in a major design change to the TSO article cannot be done under a PMA and would require a new TSO authorization. Even critical components can be PMAed, given that it is in compliance with the specific FAA guidance. When there is a PMA on a critical part, chances are that the critical part has gone through a whole lot of FAA scrutiny that the OEM part didnt go through. This means that a PMA part is being more thoroughly checked.The FAA has to witness all the tests being carried out to the most critical components. These will never be delegated to a DER (designated engineering representatives). The FAA has to perform its own analysis of all the data and make the individual regulatory compliance baringings themselves. The draft for FAA Order 8120.2F also states that once a PMA part has passed through a PMA holders quality system, the holder must establish a procedure to report any failure, malfunction, or fault of the part to the FAA. 2.4 Cost savingsBy using the PMA parts, airlines all over the world can also save a lot of money. The economic imperative for airlines to minimize maintenance costs means the savings offered by PMA par ts, when compared to OEM catalogue prices are a big advantage. DER repairs and PMA parts programmes that specifically point on gas path components can result in savings of more than US$500,000 per shop visit, or over 50 per centumage of the typical OEM cataloguepricing. These alternating(a) parts and repair programmes not only represent a great opportunity for savings, I believe they represent the only form of competition available in this specialised market. Andrew Farrant, 2010 As mentioned earlier, British Airwaysis clearly showing a very high arouse on using PMA parts. They are now looking to make coarse savings through the extensive use of PMA parts instead of sourcing them from the OEM. speechmaking at The Great PMA Debate event at the Royal aeronautic Society in London, Ameet Bhalla, British Airways technical manager, airframe systems, explained that the strategy follows on from a deal signed with Heico, the worlds largest independent designer, manufacturer and distri butor of FAA and EASA approved replacement parts for jet engines and aircraft components. This will see that Heico will be managing BAs alternative parts programme art object at the same time partage the airline maximise savings through using alternative aircraft parts. finished this deal with Heico, we will actively seek PMA opportunities vent forward. We will no longer be the cash machine for OEMs, said Bhalla. Contrary to everyday belief, PMA parts have been used for many years within BA. There has been an approval process since 1997 and hundreds of PMA parts are now in use. In 2006 alone, 28 new PMA parts were approved, he added. These are not bogus parts but approved by the very same regulatory authorities that approve OEM aircraft parts. BA canvass all applicable PMA parts and approves each one on a case-by-case basis. Once installed, the parts are monitored for any defect trends and we note failure modes of PMA parts to check that they are similar, if not the same, as t heir OEM equivalent, he says. Bhalla also said that BA are now looking on to exploring the potential of 95% of Heicos inventory that are non-critical items. There has been no overall financial saving target enclothe but we have said that we will openly entertain the PMA judgment and would consider putting non-critical PMA parts on any of our aircraft, he says.throng Bennett, Heico atomic number 63an sales director, told Flight International Historically BA, while not anti-PMA, could not be said to be advocates either. They are well known as being extremely conservative as an airline but the move byLufthansa, which isa stakeholder in Heico, was seen in the industry as an extremely successful move to keep the OEMs in check.BA must certainly be looking in the region of saving between 30-40% off OEM incline prices and will be focusing on high-cost items. Heico will head that PMA focusing process and review together with BA where further PMA applications can be used. We will be the f ulcrum for BA to explore PMA.2.5 AvailabilityPMA manufacturers are also proud of their inventories, having the ability to supply immediate availability on a variety of parts that the OEMs have trouble keeping in stock. Although customers most frequent complaints are with engine OEMs, shortages can be found with everything from fasteners to landing gear struts.During the summer of 2003, owners of MDHIs helicopters noticed a dramatic decline in the availability of OEM parts. It wasnt long afterwards that everyone realized the lodge was in the grips of wicked cash flow problems, resulting in angry suppliers refusing to deliver new components to the grind floor until outstanding debts were paid. As a result, sales of MDHIs light single-engine MD500s and twin-engine Explorers plummeted and there are rumours that MDHI was months away from bankruptcy. Meanwhile, MDHI aircraft around the world were on the ground with timed-out parts and some very angry operators.Aerometals, a California- based supplier of PMA parts, which had been selling PMA parts for MDHI (then Hughes Helicopters) since 1983, was perfectly positioned to take advantage of the problem with the OEM and sell tons of products to MDHIs neural customers. And even though the health of MDHI has greatly change since its acquisition by Patriarch Partners investment group in 2005, customers still call on Aerometals for a wide variety of components. Aerometals tend to have 95 percent of their product line available for same-day shipment, whereas the OEM competitor has many items back tell for six months or more. Aerometals has experienced a huge rise in sales simply because they have the items in stock and the OEM doesnt.Even some of the healthy helicopter manufacturers have had trouble filling orders. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, companies likeAgustaWestland, toll andEurocopterhave seen orders for new aircraft come in at a record pace. The addition in orders at the helicopter manufacturer s still have their assembly lines raceway at maximum capacity. A new Bell orEurocopterproduct will have to wait around two to three years before it can be delivered. The ripple effect of those sales has overwhelmed the engine manufacturers and other OEM subcontractors in the chain as well, leaving the door open for PMA manufacturers to step in with parts ready for immediate shipment to aircraft already in-service. 2.6 Wider acceptance bankers acceptance comes with maturity. And where there is acceptance, market potential could grow from it. This statement briefly concludes the PMA parts in aviation world today. Every year, more businesses discover the advantage of buying PMA parts. As a result, the aerospace industry has witnessed a continuous rise in the usage of PMA parts on a global scale. But their acceptance by the airlines has escalated only recently. PMA parts acceptance among airlines was pretty low just five years ago, says Hal Chrisman, a principal at the Ann Arbor, Mich. -based instruction consulting firm, AeroStrategy. North American airlines have long used PMA parts, but their interest in their cost-cutting value has increase noticeably since 9/11 and the resulting economic downturn. PMA parts provide the irresistible cost advantage of 30 percent to 50 percent, says Kirti Timmanagoudar, research analysis at the consulting analysis company, halt Sullivan, San Jose, California. equally important to industry potential is the emerging interest coming from Europe and Asia. Europes outgrowth use of PMA parts is being supported by an improved industry structure and by major third-party MRO providers that are encouraging airlines to append to PMA parts, according to a Frost Sullivan survey of European maintenance trends. The increased use of PMA parts in Europe is in tandem with the continents growing number of low-cost carriers (nearly 50 of the more than 80 carriers, according to Frost Sullivan) and the trend to outsource maintenance, which has brought the rapid increase in numbers of third-party MROs. Ironically, scorn this growing demand for PMA parts (made in the United States and approved for acceptance in other countries through bilateral agreements), Europe has virtually no parts manufacturers other than the OEMs.This escalating interest in PMA parts led to a two-day meeting of airline maintenance officials in Seattle in late January 2006, the employment of which was to better understand PMA parts and theFAAparts approval process for the airlines. They want to, first, find out how each of the attending airlines handle PMA parts and, second, find ways to expedite, and perhaps standardize, the use of PMA parts. Before, the airlines apparently didnt talk much to each other about PMA parts processing, according to Gloria Nations, president of the Modification and Replacement Parts Association (MARPA) and attendee of the Seattle meeting. Spearheaded by Alaska Airlines, the meeting include presentations by invited assoc iation, government and industry officials. Airlines like United, Delta, Air Canada, Japan Airlines and, most recently, British Airways have soft on(p) strategic partnership deals with Heico, reputedly the worlds largest independent designer, manufacturer and distributor of FAA- and EASA-approved alternative parts for aircraft and jet engines. American Airlines has a joint venture with the company to manage its alternative parts, while Lufthansa Technik actively encourages the development and production of PMA parts through its 20 percent stake in Heico. Carl Pedersen, president and chief executive officer of Cimber Air Support, a passionate advocate of PMA, told delegates that PMA will become more relevant than ever as operators are forced to cut cost without jeopardizing safety. Yet, whenever the use of PMA parts is put up for discussion, said Pedersen, the individual who tables the issue is often looked upon as the bad guy of the movie which, to my mind, indicates that the subje ct of PMA is not fully understood.EASA will only grant approval to a PMA part today if its not a critical component, it has been manufactured under independence or if any minor changes or more major adjuvant type certifications meet specific EASA approval.But now, Pedersen said, EASA has plans in place for a European PMA equivalent to the FAA under the banner of an EPA part, for which a tender for review has been commissioned but not yet finalized. It could be argued that design and manufacturing procedures are already in place under EASAs Part 21, said Pedersen, but creating a recognized European equivalent will put European operators and MROs on an even footing with their U.S. counterparts, eliminating the unfair trade limitations we have today. To this end, he said the issue of PMA might yet be included in the imminent EU/U.S. Bilateral Air Safety placement which, reportedly, currently is embroiled in the politics of fees and charges.Yves Morier, EASAs head of product safety, corroborate EASA is discussing with its FAA counterparts how better(p) to cooperate on PMA rulemaking. Currently, there is no statistical evidence for safety concerns with PMA, said Morier. But the overall experience may not be sufficient to draw definitive conclusions.Chris Carter, who manages the FAAs Certification Procedures Branch, had a definite view. PMA is here to stay, he said. Its deeply embedded in our system, and theres an ever-growing demand, especially now that Pratt Whitney is entering the market, he said. Moreover, in terms of PMA product quality, he support the FAA has no better than or safer than criteria. The only bar required is the unassailable safeguard of industrial regulation. Any latent risk in PMA has more to do with the financial standing of the PMA manufacturer than the PMA part itself, and, in his view, some PMA manufacturers are attaining the scale and stability of many OEMs.Looking ahead, he told the delegates that the FAA will continually improve i ts processes and work very closely with MARPA (Modification and Replacement Parts Association) on upcoming policy and new changes. Were also expanding delegation as the industry matures its capabilities and responsibilities, he said. Indeed, the U.S. has signed its first PMA bilateral agreement with Australia, which now has its own PMA approval processes, he said.The greatest supporting fact that PMA is now being accepted is the defence from the FAA on the side of PMA. In an act to counter anti-PMA safety concerns, the FAA printd Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) NE-08-40 on Aug. 8, 2008. There have been a few wording in some OEM manuals that pack the FAA to issue the bulletin as a closing statement in an ongoing argument about the validity of PMA parts. According to Jason Dickstein, president of the Modification and Parts Replacement Association (MARPA), the SAIB was driven by the FAAs dismay at the fact that some OEMs were using safety documents for competitive purposes. A MARPA release from Aug. 10, 2008, states that some manufacturers have made commercial statements designed to demoralize the publics self-assertion in PMA parts. OEM decisions cannot override the word of the FAA. If the FAA approved a PMA part to be used, the OEM is in no position to tell you that the FAAs approval is invalid, says Dickstein.MARPA says that the FAA expects the industry to portion out its approval of PMA parts with the respect to the FAA decision. We are an extremely risk-averse industry, says Dickstein. Many industries will go with a new product as long as they dont see anything wrong with it. Our industry wont go with a product unless we see everything is right with it.2.7 Different viewsAs a customer, the airline industry comprises of many different subcategories. Each of them have a different flak on the PMA issue and whether they best fit into their operation or not. 2.7.1 The AirlinesIt is in a very competitive business environment that airlines a re operating, with profit margins so small, every dollar has to be treated as if it was worth a million. That is why all airlines are very interested at the low cost that PMA parts do offer. Most of the engine parts that must be replaced on a regular basis, needs to be changed periodically and the cost of sustaining such activity are directly comparative to the usage of the engine. This means that the more the engine is being used, the more maintenance that it has to go through and the more money needs to come out from the pocket of the airline. Maximising the usage of the airlines resources, in this case the aircraft itself, is very authoritative in keeping the airline in business. Obtaining the less expensive part such as the PMA parts to cater to the demand of the ever increasing cost in maintenance is a very good move. The airlines are trying to control the amount of money that comes out from their pocket in order to operate efficiently. They cannot control the price of fuel, so the next best thing that they can control is the price of maintenance activity. But what scares them is the OEMs postulation the billion dollar question Are you willing to risk lives, equity suits and ruining your good name because you decided to buy cheap parts?In response to not knowing which part to be in, whether going to the people who say PMA parts are safe and inexpensive or the OEMs who say PMA parts are unsafe because theyre inexpensive, some airlines conducted evaluations. Samples of an OEM part and its PMA equivalent are run in controlled tests side by side to quantify their performance. Many airlines that conduct their own tests end up selecting certain PMA parts, while keeping some OEM components.The buzz around the airl

Analysis of Financial Performance

Analysis of Financial PerformanceName Anjeli d/o PanjalingamQuestionsScenarioYou have just been appointed for the contrast of finance executive of a bon ton that is involved in the hyper commercialize industry, Tisku. victimization the Tiskus pecuniary income and quietus sheet provided here, you ar required to tumble the monetary surgical process and financial position using symmetryn analysis. base on the discip run given in the income statement and balance sheet, send the following ratio for both years 2012 and 2013 and comp are them to access the financial performance of Tisku.As the finance executive, propose the TEN axioms if finance to your trouble that would affect their closing, in the relation and examples of hypermarket industry.Task 1ScenarioYou have just been appointed for the job of finance executive of a friendship that is involved in the hypermarket industry, Tisku. Using the Tiskus financial income and balance sheet provided here, you are required to ana lyze the financial performance and financial position using ration out analysis.Based on the information given in the income statement and balance sheet, calculate the following ratio for both years 2012 and 2013 and compare them to access the financial performance of Tisku.IntroductionRatioIn mathematics, ration is a relationship between the numbers of the same kind. A financial ratio (or report ratio) is a relative magnitude of twain selected numerical determines interpreted from an enterprises financial statements. There are many standards of ration utilize to try to evaluate the over entirely financial condition of an flock or other organization.Financial ratio whitethorn be employ by mangers within a firm, potential shareholders (owner) of a firm and by a firms ac hunchledgementors. Financial ratio is in addition apply to compare the strength and weakness in various companies. Values mappingd in calculating financial ratio are taken from the balance sheet and income statement. The statements data is based on the product line relationship method and accounting standards employ by the organization.Types of RatioThere are four staple types of financial ratio used to measure a companys performance. They are-Liquidity ratioThis is the most common ratio of present-day(prenominal) additions to current liabilities. This ratio indicates a companys ability to retrovert its short term bills.Current assets = currents asset/ current liability savage test ratio= currents asset inventory/ current liabilityrestoration of crownwork employed = net gelt/capital employed carbon earningsability ratioProfitability ratio indicates management ability to turn sales dollars into benefit and silver fall. porcine profit = gross profit/sales hundred , net profit/sales snow might ratioTwo common efficiency ratios are inventory disorder and receivable turnover. A high account receivable turnover nub that the company is successful in collecting its outstandi ng credit balance. strain turnover = personify of sales/average inventory food market ratiosMarket ratios are used to understand how other empowerors rate specie. The current market expense of a share of common stock versus an indicator of the companys ability to generate profits or assets held by the companys is evaluated.CalculationsGross profit boundary line boodle profit marginCurrent ratio sp castigately ratioNet working capitalInventory turnover spend of equity quick-frozen assets turnover bonny collection percentage pointAverage payment periodDebt ratio 2012 2013Gross profit margin= Gross profit /Sales 100% = 7,047,000/31,437,000 100% = 7,658,000/ 34,654,000 100%= 22.42% = 22.10%Net profit margin= Net income/ Sales 100%= 220,000/ 31,437,000 100% =571,000/ 34,654,000 100%= 0.70% = 1.65%Current ratio= Current Assents/ Current Liabilities= 8,198,000/ 3,602,000 =9,162,000/3,264,000= 2.28 =2.81Quick ratio = Current Assents- Inventory/ Current Liabilities= 8,198,000- 6,35 4,000/3,602,000 = 9,162,000/6,635,000/3,264,000=0.5111 = 0.7741Net working capital= Current Assents- Current Liabilities= 8,198,000-3,602,000 = 9,162,000-3,264,000=RM 4,596,000 = RM 5,898,000Inventory Turnover= urinate up of goods sold/ Inventory= 24,390,000/ 6.354,000 = 26,996,000/ 6,635,000=3.836 times/year = 4.069 times/year 2012 2013Return on equity= Net income/ Shareholders equity= 220,000/ 6,072,000 = 571,000/ 5,280,000= 0.0362 = 0.1081= 3.62% = 10.81%Fixed assets turnover= Sales/ Net Fixed Assents= 31,437,000/ 6,553,000 = 34,654,000/ 6575,000= 4.797 = 5.271Average collection period= Accounts receivable/ Daily credit sales=N/A =N/AAverage payment period= Accounts payment/ Daily credit purchases=2,009,000/ (24,390,000365) =1,993,000/ (26,996,000365)=30 days =27 daysDebt ratio= substance debt( Total Liabilities)/ Total assets 100%= 31,437,000/ 6,553,000 100% =10,457,000/ 15,737,000 100%= 58.83% = 66.45%Task 2As the finance executive, propose the TEN axioms if finance to your management that would affect their finale, in the relation and examples of hypermarket industry.IntroductionFinance is the middle ground between the theory-based economics and the accounting world of numbers. Finance is applied economics. Financial implications are at the heart of e real business transaction and decisions. Finance is also a valuable tool used to communicate, judge and monitor the dissolver of business decisions.axioms are the principle universally accepted within a practice or subject area on the basis of its self-importance evident truth or intrinsic merit. The ten axioms used in financial management is the foundation of financial decision reservation. There are ten important axioms and almost all the industries do uses this uses it in making decision making in finance. How does the ten axioms of finance would affect decision in hypermarket industry?Main BodyAxiom 1 The Risk-Return trade-offAdditional chances leave not be taken unless an additional come is expected. At some point, state lead have some saved cash. What will they do to it? The answer is simple, to expand future consumption activities. savings are invested to earn more return. Investment alternative have polar amount of find and expected returns. Investors choose to put money in waste investments because investment offer higher expected returns because the more risky an investment, the higher will be its returns. This is a relationship between risk and unexpected returns. In hypermarket industry, for example a modernistic hypermarket is opened, the investors have to invest a lot of money as hypermarket is an expensive retail forwardness selling a wide range of crossroads under one roof. consequently hypermarket industry needs a lot of money. Investors do not know whether the hypermarket will go popular among the people as its freshly open. This is creates a higher risk to them. As hypermarket such as Tesco, heavyweight and EON is a big industry and not a undersize business, a big amount of money should be invested. This creates a very big risk which dont have guarantee in return.Axiom 2 The Time Value of MoneyA dollar worth today worth more than dollar tomorrow. This is a primal concept in finance the money has a time value associated with it. A dollar received today worth more than a dollar received a year from now. Because we merchantman earn engagement on money received today, it is better to receive money sooner rather than later. If the benefits overweigh the cost the project creates wealth and it should be accepted. If the cost overweighs the benefit, it should be rejected. In hypermarket industry, when they investors invest money and get profit, they should wisely use the profit get from the business. For example, when get an amount of money afterwards the sales of mathematical product, the money should be reinvested to get more profit such as livery in more product inside the hypermarket.Axiom 3 Cash-Not ProfitIn meas uring wealth, or value, bullion menstruate will be used. Cash flow is received by firms and drive out be reinvested. A firms cash flow and accounting profit may not occur together. For example, capital expenses, such as purchase of saucy equipment or building are depreciated over several years, with the annual depreciation subtracted from profit. However, the cash flow associated with this expense generally occurs immediately. Therefore cash flow involving paying money out and cash flows that can be reinvested reverberate the timing for the benefit of cost. In hypermarket industry, the cash received by the investors will be reinvested into the industry to film the hypermarket bigger and wider. The money that they get can be used for example to pay the dividends to the shop in the hypermarket. Besides, cash can also be used to double the products and sales in the hypermarket.Axiom 4 Incremental Cash FlowThe incremental cash flow is the difference between the cash flow if the p roject is taken on versus what they will be if it is not taken on. Not all cash flow is incremental. The difference between revenues generated by introducing the new product maintaining the original series are the incremental cash flow. The difference reflects admittedly impacts of decision. Guiding rule in deciding whether a cash flow is incremental is to look at the company with and without new product. In hypermarket industry, people should know the difference when in that respect is a new product and their new product and the cash flow in their hypermarket whether it brings profits or not. and so choosing a new product should be done wisely.Axiom 5 The Curse of Competitive MarketWhy is it hard to take on exceptionally profitable projects? This question tells how competitive market operates and where to look for profitable projects. In competitive markets, extremely large profit cannot exist for so long. How can we find new projects that return more than the required rate of return? Although competitions make them difficult to find, investment should be invested in markets which is not utterly competitive. Two ways to making less making competitive is to make out the products in some key ways to achieve a cost advantage over competitors. Thus, in hypermarket industry, the products being introduced or sold should be differ than the other hypermarkets. Variety kind of product which is hard to find in other hypermarkets can be sold. Besides, different types of services and advertizing methods can be used. Cleanliness of the hypermarket should be considered such as toilets. Free set and can be given to the members of the hypermarket to attract more customers.Axiom 6 Efficiency of Capital MarketGoals of financial manger are to maximize the shareholder wealth. The markets are quick and prices are right. Information is incorporated into earnest prices at the speed of light. Assuming the information is correct, and then stock price will reflect all publicly available information regarding the value of the firm. In hypermarket industry, business should be done without wasting resources as they use capital that is invested by the shareholders to buy resources. When selling items, they have to have a target on the selling of a product such as age group, gender, trend and so on. Besides, selling of a product should be according demand, popularity, seasons and festivals to avoid wastage. The four resources which are land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship should be used wisely as it is very limited nowadays. all told the resources should be strong organized.Axiom 7 The Agency ProblemThe agency problem results from judicial separation of management and ownership of the firm. Managers are not typically owners of the firms. Managers may make decisions that are in their best interest and not in the line with the long term best interest of the owners. For example, cutting research and breeding cost on new products to maximize current inco me and pay for performance. They also may approach less energetically and attempt benefits themselves in cost of salary and perquisites at the expense of the share holders. This produces conflict between two parties. Thus, in the hypermarket industry, managers might bring in a new product in the hypermarket to adjoin their income without asking any permission from the owner. This might increase the risk to the owner and might bring conflict between them. Besides, there will also be communication barrier because of the foreign workers.Axiom 8 Taxes Bias Business DecisionsAny decision taken by financial manager will go impact on assesses. When a new project is evaluated, income measurees play a significant role. Because cash is king, after cash flow of an investment should be considered. The tax consequences of a business decision will impact ( sign on) cash flow. Companies are given tax incentives by government to influence their decision. Besides, governments use this fact to sh ape the decision of a business for. In hypermarket industry, for example, investment tax credit strike downs taxes. matchless of the best example is plastics will not be given and customers will be charged RM 0.20 for the plastics. This will reduce the pollution and it might tax them on the basis on pollution output.Axiom 9 All Risks are not equalSome risks can be alter away and some cannot. Dont put all testicle in one basket. Diversification allows good and bad events or observations to countervail each other out preferably reducing total variant without affecting expected return. Process of diversification can reduce risk and as result measuring a profit or an assets risk is very difficult. In hypermarket industry, investors can split money and invest in many hypermarkets. This will increase diversification and reduce risks. Resources such as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship should be divided and cash should be equally spent as it can reduce overall risk. call for and wants of customers are unlimited, so there should have no more or less stock. Stock should be balanced to reduce wastage. Estimation on the average should be done as early preparation.Axiom 10 Ethical Behavior Means Doing the Right Thing, Ethical Dilemmas are everywhere in FinanceEthical behaviors means is doing the right thing. A bar arises however in attempting in define doing the right thing, because each of us have own set of value which forms personal judgments about what is the right thing to do. This will create issues and disagreements in firms. Unethical dilemma eliminates institutionalise and loss in public confidence. Shareholders values suffer and take a long time to recover. Firms have to responsible more than just on owners. In hypermarket industry, to avoid any dilemma all stakeholders should be considered when pickings decisions. Some ethical dilemma might happen between the workers itself as each other cant tolerate or do have some misunderstandings. Product s sold in hypermarkets should be guaranteed with the expire get word and also quality. Products that are being used should be safe. Ingredients should be suss out before a product is being sold in a hypermarket. For products which is used by Muslims, Halal logo should be ensured. Besides, when customers were promised with promotional such as free gifts, discounts and so on it should be fulfilled without disappointments to make sure the hypermarket do not lose trust. It is very hard to thingamajig back the trust when next promotion is done.ConclusionAxioms are more than statement of common senses as they are the theoretical statements. These axioms of financial management provide logic behind what is to follow. It helps to build on them and attempt to sidle up out their implications on decision making. In the world of hypermarkets industry, the ten axioms helps to reduce risk on the business and increase the profit and also helps in making a wise decision in financial managemen t.ReferencesBibliographyTheFreeDictionary.com, (2014).axiom. online in stock(predicate) at http//www.thefreedictionary.com/axiom Accessed 22 Jul. 2014.BibliographyManagementparadise.com, (2014).Ten Axioms of Financial Management. online Available at http//www.managementparadise.com/forums/financial-management-fm/200960-ten-axioms-financial-management.html Accessed 22 Jul. 2014.BibliographyMathsisfun.com, (2014).Ratios. online Available at http//www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/ratio.html Accessed 22 Jul. 2014.BibliographyInvestopedia, (2009).Uses and Limitations of Financial Ratios CFA Level 1 Investopedia. online Available at http//www.investopedia.com/exam-guide/cfa-level-1/financial-ratios/uses-limitations-ratios.asp Accessed 22 Jul. 2014.BibliographyList4everything.com, (2014).Uses of Ratio Analysis List4Everything. online Available at http//www.list4everything.com/uses-of-ratio-analysis.html Accessed 22 Jul. 2014.Introduction to FinancePage 1

The performance of The Galley restaurant

The performance of The caboose eating placeThe Galley is a restaurant which is a part of the large international shipping fellowship which employ to cater food to the company employees. The restaurant was in a cafeteria trend with 150 seats and was located on the conduct floor. Due to a rise in the international food market the Galley reduced in size. In the year 2003 the restaurant merged with the Lunchbox Ltd. The ara around the create went on a lower floor a huge swap, sweet technology, bargon-assed restaurants with new concepts, sooner a large number of offices and a pub which gave a uncollectible competition to the Galley to survive in that atomic number 18a.( Galley case study). The publish contains a tog extinct abridgment and some theory on managing variety successful in an ecesis. Since the area has gone(a)(a) under fast lurch so it was necessary to conduct a SWOT summary to set somewhat out the arrangements factor ins that match to the enviro n area. It also provides instruction which is servingful in matching the resources and capabilities in the competitive environment to know where it stands. SWOT analysis is through to make some strategies for the business. Strength and flunk are inner to a company. Each and incessantlyy face should find out its strengths and weakness to become successful in achieving the goals of the validations. Resources washbowl be tangible and non-tangible, homophile and non-human. Threat and probability are external to any organization. Any organization to become successful and to survive in the market should know its surrounding area. Strengths are its employees, daub name of the company, any erratic selling residuum etc. weakness include outdated resources, human resource gets some while(a) etc. Opportunities inc- lude any growth in the business and threats include competitors and ready participation of trade union. The aim of SWOT analysis is to make a clear picture more or le ss where the organization stands. (Bhat and kumar, 2009). Kirkpatrick has suggested that element like Empathy, chat and participation are successful in managing a commute in any organization. After the market condition is known then circumstantial steps should be hiren to manage potpourri in an organization. The organization should prepare itself to adapt the mixed bag in the surrounding. If a change is plan it video displays that the organization is trying to improve its operation behaviors so as to survive in the competition. (Mullins, 2005).The report contains detailed information astir(predicate) the SWOT analysis and change management.SWOT ANALYSISA SWOT analysis is an analytical tool which is in bump offd in the business to assist in assessing a business in relation to a nonher(prenominal) competitive business. It is a quick way to look at the current environment as well as what the future may hold. (Hall, 2003, pg-92)2.1.1 STRENGTH(S)The galley has the following s trengths.2.1.2 nucleotideThe Galley Cafeteria is a 150 seat cafeteria and is located on the top floor of an eight storey office block. The sop up from the top sewer be very useful for attracting customers and can also act as a unique selling proportion.2.1.3 EXPERIENCED STAFFIn this cafeteria 20 employees have been working since 1970s and are experienced and have comprehend attach to the organization. The employees know the type of customers come and also know about the area.2.1.4 EXPERIENCED MANAGER jean Porter was an experienced caterer who had previously worked and managed early(a) outlets of lunchbox. Jean had a proper knowledge about the companys objectives and so use the experience to maximize profits and lessen the loss.2.1.5 BRANDNAME/GOODWILL OF LUNCHBOXA brand is a term, name, sign, symbol, design or a combination that identifies a companys harvest-time from its competitors. The brand of Lunchbox can be used to make the Galley unique and attract customers as the area had gone under rapid change.2.1.6 committal OF STAFFThe Galley had merged with the Lunchbox in the year 2003. The employees accepted the change and sleek all over were working with the organization.2.1.7 STILL GAINING PROFITSThe area around the building had gone under a vast change with new restaurants, new technologies but the Galley had a few old customers who used to come.impuissance (s)The Galley has the following weakness.3.1.1 SCARCITY OF NATURAL RESOURCESThe area had a gone under rapid change and the Galley has been operating since 1970s so there are chances of outdated resources and no proper training inclined to the employees to cope up with the change.3.1.2 LACK OF LEADERSHIP QUALITYJean was non able to motivate the employees to adopt the change. Jean tried to core ranges kind of than planning some strategies to make them a feel a sense of exitpower for the company. Team work and co-ordination was missing which lead to conflict mingled with the employees an d the manager.3.1.3 SUBSIDISED MEAL IN THE GALLEYThe area had gone under rapid change with new restaurants, new technologies and new cuisines. The galley had a very few range of dishes which lead to decrease in customers.3.1.4 resistivity TO CHANGEWhen Jean joined the company she introduced a wider range of dishes. The stave did non accept the changes and did not listen to Jean as she was 10 years younger.3.1.5 PRESSURE FROM NEW OWNERSThe owner and the manager tried to perpetrate their ideas on the employees. Jean abolished the half an hour morning coffee, smoking fall with with(predicate) which annoyed the staff.4. OPPORTUNITYThe galley has the following opportunities4.1.1 DEVELOPMENT IN THE local anaesthetic AREAThe area around the building has gone under rapid change with offices, restaurants, cinema and a pub. There are chances of increased selling condition. Proper strategies and advertisements are done then more customers can be attracted.4.1.2 DIVERSIFICATIONGalley ca n make plans to increase its outlets. New increases can be introduced with new varieties and modify its service operations.4.1.3 TIE-UP WITH MULTIPLEXGalley can take contracts from the multiplex and can open up a food court where they can sell their products and at the same time they can promote their restaurants and thus can increase their customers.5. THREAT (s)5.1.1 globalization AND FIERCE WORLD COMPETITIONThe area around the building has gone under rapid change. New restaurants have opened up with new strategies and varieties in dishes.5.1.2 INVOLVEMENT OF TRADE UNIONTrade union plays an primal role in any organization. The trade Union has legal powers to omit down the company if the employees are not able.5.1.3 CUT-OFF IN WAGESThe employees did not respond to the managers grazes so the management decided to cut down the advantage by 5% as a result there are chances of high turnover of employees.Thus a SWOT is a opinionated identification to find out the companys vista in the market. Strengths are matched with opportunity to convert the weakness into strengths and threats into opportunity.( Stapleton and Thomas,1998). reposition management is done to retain this position and still gain profits and minimize the loss incurred.6. Change Management has been delimit as the work at of continually renewing an organizations betion, structure and capabilities to serve the ever changing needs of external and internal customers. (Moran and Brightman, 2001 111 as cited in Todnem2005 ). Change may themeate from outside or inside the organization. In order to promote or adopt the change the organization should define the origin of change and the need to change to its employees. (Mullins, 2005). Change is a pervasive influence. We are all subject to continual change of one form or another. Change is an inescapable part of both social and organisational life (Mullins, 2005, pg-909).Kirkpatrick has suggested that Empathy is the frontmost bring out to anticip ate the feelings and reactions of the employees towards a change. Communication is the second key to channel clearly with all the employees affected by the change. Participation is the third key to make the employees involved and generate ideas for the change. (Kirkpatrick, 2001)7. EMPATHYEmpathy is about putting oneself in the conditions of other person and looking into things from their point of watch over. Manager should try to find out the reason for their resistance. The author mentions that may be the employees feel threatened and illogical by the challenge of change. (Kirkpatrick, 2008).Managers should have the aptitude to anticipate the point of view and emotions behind the resistance. It is the ability to witness others perspective in a impersonal way and understand their emotions and give weight to their concern and ideas. (Cook, Macaulay and Coldicott, 2004).Managers should take world-class to make a change effective. Usually employees are emotionally attached to t he organization and hence feel afraid to accept the change and hence adopt a damaging attitude. (Mullins, 2005).Supervisors should think beyond their positions and analyse the change from an employees perspective. An empathetic manager can encourage and increase the sense of ownership among them and it can also act as a tool for motif and leadership. (Pugh, 2007). Managers should analyse from employees view point and this can be done by anticipating the advantages and disadvantages according to them. (Kavanaugh and Ninemeier, 1995).Jean Porter in the Galley Cafeteria tried to force decisions on the employees she did not try to look at the things from the employees point of view and hence could not create a sense of ownership towards the organization. The employees did not respond to her decisions as she was ten years younger and hence their was swelled head problem. Jean should have tried to bridge the age gap amongst them. Employees also became hostile towards her as she forced some rules on them. As mentioned higher up Kirkpatrick and some other authors mentioned that Jean should come down her position and think from the staffs view. The employees working did not adopt the change as Jean did not discuss about the cause of change in the organization and did not show concern to their views.7.1.1 COMMUNICATIONCommunication is a skill or ability to negotiate for mutual benefits of the parties involved. Good communion helps to cope thoughts and ideas and helps in social negotiation. (Kirkpatrick, Duck and Foley, 2006). Communication is a two way adjoin in which one listens and the other gives feedback. To carry through a change proper communication should be there between the employees and the management. (Daft, 1988).Formal and lax communication helps to convey 80% of the information to the employees. Grapevine is a network of informal communication and helps to translate the managements formal messages to employees language. (Bhatt and Kumar, 2009). M anagement should clearly discuss about the change with the employees. One to one communication, group discussion and debates are the fairs through which information from the owner to the employees are passed. (Robbins and Sanghi, 2006). Supervisor should delegate their work to the subordinates through proper communication. It is very essential that supervisor should communicate properly to implement a change. (Miller, Walker and Drummond, 2007). Poor communication act as a key driver of negative feelings and conflict among the employees. (Tony and Doukakis, 2003). Communication is an important factor in the process of implementing a change because it is used as a tool for discussing and making people understand about the positive and negative aspects of change. (Spike and Lesser, 1995 as cited in Kitchen and Daly 2002).Jean should act as a medium of communication between the owner and the employees. She did not explain the companys aims and objectives to the employees. Employees di d not understand about the change and hence were not flexible as a result it led to conflict between the employees and organization. Organizations that effectively communicate their purpose, information about products and their services to the employees are more successful.7.1.2 PARTICIPATIONEmployees input and ideas should be used to develop and select alternatives as the work of implementation will be easier. Employees who are involved in the decision making process will accept the change. (Kavanaugh, and Ninemeier, 1995). Participation is basically creating opportunities under suitable conditions for the employees to take part in the decision process where the subordinates get control over freedom of choice with respect to his own duties. (McGregor as cited in Banerjee, 1994). previous to implement a change staff should take part in the decision process as it is very difficult for the staffs to resist a change decision which they have participated. It will also increase shipment towards the organization. (Robbins and Sanghi, 2006).Manager should ask the employees to cooperate and take part in the decision process. round would take initiatives and generate ideas and concern to accept the change. (Mullins, 2005). Participation benefits both the organization and the staff. Specific programs like discussions or training can be done to involve the staff to generate their views. Participation contributes to the quality of change and increases the word meaning for those who implement the change. (Kirkpatrick, 2001). Encourage employees to introduce ideas without any fear. Encourage the participation of employees in the use of quality management process of the company. (Tony and Doukakis, 2003). Worker responds positively to change if their responsibilities are increased. Encourage active participation and ask the employees to contribute verbalise their ideas freely. (Walton, 1985 as cited in Obrien 2002). Manager should be honest and open apt(p) and should be able to build trust among the employees for the organization. (Judson, 1991 as cited in OBrien 2002).Records show that direct employee participation within the company leads to motivation and trust. In direct participation employees are concerned about the working environment, employee turnover, recruitment and earnings but in current scenario records show employees are more kindle in the development of the business and achieving goals. (Geary and Sisson, 1994 as cited in Shapiro2000)Jean did not involve the employees in the decision making process which lead to neediness of co-operation and co-ordination. She did not discuss about the aims and objectives with the employees and hence they resisted the change. Jean should recognize the wideness of motivation and encourage the staff to contribute in the improvement process8. CONCLUSIONThe SWOT analysis gave a clear picture about the Galley where it stands in the market. The analysis showed that what the company is good at or bad a t and also shows steps how to maximize the profits and minimize the loss. SWOT analysis and change management are done to help every organization to adapt to new circumstances, to take part in the competition in the surrounding area and also to improve product and services. Employees are known as the internal customers or internal market of an organization. Employees should be informed about the organizations mission and vision. Manager should keep a notice that the channels of communication work properly in order to keep the internal market up-to-date about the external market. limited motivation programs should be introduced to meet competition. Managers should understand employees capabilities and use some communication techniques like newspaper and videos to provide latest trends in market. Manager should take initiatives to teach employees the necessity in doing things than only asking them to complete. Employees can be motivated through rewards and incentives to provide excel lent service. (Tony and Doukakis, 2003).Empathy, communication and participation are the important skills for the successful management of change. Jean should have understood the staffs lookout towards the change and then discussed with them or inform them about the change and at last asked them to generate ideas during decision making process and give weight to their concern. Kirkpatrick as well as some well known authors have mentioned above the idea or concept to be followed to overcome the change. When Jean the company she should have done through reading about the Galley. Jean did not try to change the weakness and threats to strength and opportunities. If the internal customers (staff) are happy then the external customers will be happy.

seminar in helping :: essays research papers

My perception to the tender work filed is basicallythe problems that exist in our nation which need to be recognized more clearly than it is.A turn of prominent individuals gravel been attacked or killed by people with a psychosis or other kind disorders. Violence and aggression displayed by the psychically ill is usually say against partners or family members, rather than others.There is little evidence of an increasing number of violent acts made by patients with psychosis, but books suggests that patients with major mental disorders sustain an increased risk for committing such acts compargond with the general population Fed by highly selected information in the mass media about their very rarefied contribution to one type of tragedy, homicide, the public, it has been said that unless people with a mental disorder are once more segregated, the streets will not be safe."Society that admits to uphold values such as the purity of life, equality, counterinsurgency and non- violence can at the same time endorse capital penalty as a method of justice. Capital punishment is a violent practice that makes up a form of kind injustice, especially since it does not even fulfill its alleged purpose of defending the interests of society. Executions have make rare among industrialized democracies. While a few countries do oblige capital statues for dealing with extraordinary crimes such as treason, only Japan, move of the former Soviet Union, and the United States still carry out oddment sentences for "ordinary" crimes of violence. Interestingly, even among those countries that still impose the death penalty, it appears that the United States stands in severe contrast to the international trend with capital punishment flourishing, go with by a corresponding wave of public support.The basic concerns of social welfare - poverty, disability and disease, the dependent young and elderly - are as old as civilized society itself. The means by which thes e concerns are addressed were once limited only by the laws of survival. Sharing another(prenominal) persons burden means weakening ones own standing in the fight back of daily existence. However, as societies evolved, the dependence between affiliates increased, so, as individuals became vulnerable, the society as a whole was affected, and systematic responses to disrupting factors were introduced.     There have been recent studies that revealed the significance of parenting in the cross-generational transmission of aggressive or problem behavior up to three continuous generations. Stable evidence has long recognized and documented the negative effects of aggressive or harsh and inconsistent parenting and place the need for interventions that would encourage better parenting skills.

The Development of William Mossop’s Character in Hobson’s Choice Essay

The Development of William Mossops Character in Hobsons electionWilliam Mossop started off as a lodger lodging with Ada Figgins. Hewas shy and had no ambitions operative at Hobsons shoe break at thebottom of the chain. At the end of the play he was ambitious, wedand the joint owner of Hobsons shop.The auditory sense sympathises with Willie the first time he appears onstage because he unless comes half way up the bunker door. This isbecause of his social standing(a) and he feels that he is not summa cum laude to blab out to Hobson and the upper section people. As the play progressesWillie acquires a greater sense of confidence. This is shown whenWillie begins to speak more(prenominal) and is further educated and moreself-assured. Willie also gets more convinced(p) after he gets married toMaggie. Willie stepwise works his way up the ladder and begins totake oer Hobsons shop. During the play, Hobson is unable to watchover the shoe shop and his daughters have every last(pred icate) matured, moved out, andgot married, including Maggie, who is married to Willie. Willie instantaneouslyhas ambitions and these are to cre... The Development of William Mossops Character in Hobsons alternative EssayThe Development of William Mossops Character in Hobsons ChoiceWilliam Mossop started off as a lodger lodging with Ada Figgins. Hewas shy and had no ambitions working at Hobsons shoe shop at thebottom of the chain. At the end of the play he was ambitious, marriedand the joint owner of Hobsons shop.The audience sympathises with Willie the first time he appears onstage because he only comes half way up the trap door. This isbecause of his social standing and he feels that he is not worthy tospeak to Hobson and the upper class people. As the play progressesWillie acquires a greater sense of confidence. This is shown whenWillie begins to speak more and is further educated and moreself-assured. Willie also gets more confident after he gets married toMaggie . Willie gradually works his way up the ladder and begins totake over Hobsons shop. During the play, Hobson is unable to watchover the shoe shop and his daughters have all matured, moved out, andgot married, including Maggie, who is married to Willie. Willie nowhas ambitions and these are to cre...

Ghost Story of the New Jersey Devil :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

The New tee shirt DevilThe urban legend I chose to write about for this assignment is the boloney of the island of jersey Devil. The jersey Devil is a creature that was, according to legend, born from a woman in southern New island of Jersey and it is supposed to stick out haunted the people of the surrounding area for at least 260 forms. The Jersey Devil is known as a creature that mutilates livestock as well as other animals and is said to appear shortly forwards disasters occur.I was able to listen to two versions of the grade surrounding the Jersey Devil while conducting research for this assignment. The first twaddle teller is an 18 year old feminine from Rockaway, New Jersey. This town is a suburban community in northern New Jersey with the majority of residents be to the economic middle class. I collected this story during a case to see my parents on April 1, 2006 at the story tellers home. She told me the story shortly after dinner so it was nearly dark when she told me the story. The blink of an eye story teller is a 15 year old female that is also from Rockaway, New Jersey. This story teller also told me the story of the Jersey Devil on April 1, 2006, and also delivered the story from her home during dinner.When the first story teller, the 18 year old female, began to tell me her version of the story of the Jersey Devil, she first said that she did not know more about the legend. She consequently explained to me that the Jersey Devil is an animal-like creature that lives in the Pine Barrens (the Pine Barrens is a sparsely populated, wooded area of southern New Jersey). He has been seen by many different people who have camped in the area, and he has killed several(prenominal) campers over many years. She finished her story by saying that he is very scary and that she has been afraid of the Jersey Devil for years. When I asked her where she hear this story, she told me that she could not remember but she did remember hearing about the story while she was in elementary school.The second story teller, the 15 year old female, also stated that she did not really know much about the Jersey Devil. She started by saying that he lives in the woods, and thusly corrected herself by saying that he lives in the Pine Barrens in southern New Jersey.