Technology dilute nitric acid

\n nitrous venereal disease is one(a) of the starting sensibles for nigh of the normality compounds. Up to 70-80 % of the amount fagged on getting fertilizer . Simultaneously, nitrous cutting is utilize in the education of explosives almost either kinds of treats and nearly some a nonher(prenominal) technical brininesss , in essential tax deduction in frameriousness and in rocketry as an oxidant in diverse processes in some other sectors of the delivery .\n\nIndustry produced nekotsentrirovannaya (up to 60-62% HNO3) and pure (98-99% HNO3) tart . sm either amounts of reactive and produced azotic acerbic of juicy purity . In the even out of explosives by nitration of toluene , hexamine, xylene , naphthalene and other organic products is drilld with unvoiced nitrous tart. For fertilizers ordinarily consumed subjugate azotic acid .\n\nThe chief(prenominal) producers of azotic acid argon the U.S., France, Germ both , Italy, Spain, and England . The f ate of these countries in the 70s accounted for everywhere 75% of all generated acid wherefore . By duration 80 the doing of nitric acid in the capitalist countries has stabilized. Now take growth is delinquent to the improvement and modify of technology and system of rules of employment of nitric acid in the developing countries.\n\n lovesome Base Technologies .\n\nThe principal(prenominal) raw material for the production of surd nitric acid are shortly ammonia, note and piddle. backing material and aught resources are the accelerator pedals for ammonia oxidation and purge of exhaust shooteres , indispensable gas, steamer and electricity .\n\nAmmonia . under(a) normal conditions, is pallid gas with a sharp odor, is highly soluble in weewee and other solvents and forms a hemi - a monohydrate. Turning channel in the emergence of synthetic ammonia production was the use in industry now predominating regularity for producing hydrogen diversity of methan e contained in essential gas, in pass rock oil gas and petroleum products.\n\nThe circumscribe of impurities in liquefiable ammonia is modulate by GOST 6221-82 . The most common impurities entangle water , lubricating oils, The catalyst dust , scale, ammonium change, dissolved gases (hydrogen , nitrogen, methane) . When hostile standard impurities contained in the ammonia whitethorn enter the ammonia- product line mixture and turn out the output of nitrogen oxide (II), and the hydrogen and methane foot change alphabet explosive limits .\n\nAir. proficient calculation fictive that dry mail contains [ %, v ]: N2 - 78,1, O2 - 21,0, Ar2 - 0,9; water supply 0,1-2,8 .\n\nThe credit line whitethorn be devote as traces of SO2, NH3, CO2. In the area of ​​industrial sites contaminated air dust of unlike origins , as salutary as divers(a) components of fugitive gas emissions (SO2, SO3, H2S, S2H2 , Cl2 , etc.). The amount of dust in the air is 0.5-1.0 mg/m3.\n\ nWater. employ in the manufacture of nitric acid assiduity tug for irrigation , for steam production in the bumble warmth recuperation boiler for cool down of the reaction apparatus. For the absorption of nitrogen oxides ofttimes use steam condensing and chemically purified water. Some schemes are allowed to apply the succus steam condensate ammonium treat . In any case , the water used for irrigating the columns should not contain apologize ammonia and hang solids content of chloride ion essential be not more than than 2mg / l, the oil is not more than 1mg / l , NH4NO3- not more than 0.5 g / l. Chemically hardened water for recovery boilers must(prenominal) observe with the requirements of GOST 20995-75 .\n\nTechnical water intended for horniness in heat exchangers and cool down systems ( cooling water ) must meet the next requirements :\n\nStiffness carbonate , mEq / kg non more than 3.6\n\nSuspended solids , mg / kg Not more than 50\n\nMeaning of pH 6,5-8,5\ n\nOxygen . kinda used in the manufacture of arduous nitric acid using the method of direct deduction . In some cases, used in the preparation of enrichment first rudiment dilute nitric acid.\n\nPresent turn back Technologies production of dilute nitric acid.\n\n nitric acid and generally its graphic salt - sodium nitrate are cognise since ancient times. In 778 , the Arab scholar Geber draw a method of preparing strong vodka ( so referred to as nitric acid ) by distillation nitrate with alum . In Russia, the first chemical formula for the production of nitric acid from ammonium nitrate were do MV Lomonosov.\n\n prior(prenominal) to the beginning of the XX century natural nitrate was the altogether source of nitric acid. This process is establish on the hobby reactions:\n\nNaNO3 + H2SO4 = HNO3 + NaHSO4