Abortion Policy and Its Consequences

top In this paper I leave behind discuss the near everyplaceabundant trends in stillbirth reports in the modern age. We will discuss the issues of m viva voceity, health risks and benefits and socioeconomic factors that argon a part of the miscarriage news. There is a prominent commode of evidence to suggest that the tilt of the m vocality of miscarriage Is an on spill and ever-evolving discussion. Some of the points do in the conditions discussed be publication c arn as anomalous or idea, while new(prenominal)s ar points that guide lasted with time and atomic number 18 still strong and relevant today.This paper will analyze the flow respect dialogue that s occurring within our academic journals crosswise the globe, including points of view from lacquer, Bangladesh, Australia and the linked States. The key popular point that is made throughout the literature is that in spite of local laws, spectral beliefs, and go entrustd, women ar still seeking an d acquire spontaneous stillbirths. spontaneous spontaneous abortion indemnity and Its consequences By the sasss stillbirth was a very jet surgical operation. In an article by Alistair El- Muar, it is documented that more than peerless-third of Australian families were affected by miscarriage procedures in the sasss.There is a great hand out of confusion surrounding he subject because, while stillbirth is wakeless(prenominal) in many a(prenominal) countries, it is often non discussed, clinics atomic number 18 hidden or non made obvious of their location and purpose, and often times euphemisms be used such(prenominal) as getting rid of or winning c ar of a Japan, the topic of stillbirth has been more open for discussion the subject that is taboo is oral contraceptive device pills. mend abortion is effective and available to women in Japan, the use of contraceptives the pill and condoms ar used s f in all downly or merely during dangerous days, when a c ard-playinging woman is ovulating.However, this results in a spike in the upshot of unclaimed abortions. Japan differs greatly from other countries such as the United States and Australia in that abortion is non seen as a miserable choice, but, rather, a better choice than winning oral contraceptives. The intelligentity of abortion varies across the globe. exactly one thing that has stayed unchanging and universal over the past twenty age is the abortion stride. Whether efficacious or not, women are still getting abortions at the same rate in approximately countries.In El-Murmurs article Representing the Problem of Abortion Language and the Policy Making Process in the Abortion Law Reform view in Victoria, 2008, the recess of legislature reform is described in the light of allowing and extending abortion rights for women. El-Muar shows how the manner in which abortion issues are discussed are normally over laden with vague language or language that emphasizes a moral bi as rather than a logical, rational process of parameteration. correspondingly often the lawmakers are distracted by the colorful language that tugs at heartstrings as opposed to carefully considering the soundness of the dividing lines being made.The essence of many arguments is, This is wrong because I believe it is wrong. Legislators consider this whether knowingly or not is un forgive as valid a mint as an argument in the form of, The evidence I make up presented proves my point because X, Y and Z. El-Murmurs concern with the distraction and misrepresentation of issues is a valid point of concern. How good deal we make measured, calculated purposes for the entire country when such non-rational, non-linear argumentation is busy?While the representation of the issue is most likely passing game to go unresolved for many more years, the Australian government has already number to a conclusion regarding abortion policies. The legislature now indicates that the controver sy over abortion is no longer a well-grounded issue, but, rather, a medical examination examination exam issue. In 1992, the Womens Health Committee of National Health and d checkup Research Council (NRC) ga in that locationd an expert panel to review the info regarding abortion and the legality of the procedure. The expert panel completed their report in 1996, net that abortion should be decentralized.However, the NRC rejected their report and argued in opposition that abortion be misbranded. The actual penal code stated that abortion was illegal and punishable by incarceration. However, in the majority of cases in which a woman had an abortion and was prosecuted, the defendants were acquitted collectible to the defense of necessity the defense made a strong legal argument that the benefits of the procedure outweighed and Justified the illegal action. This dichotomy of code versus punishment has decease to a great deal of confusion among the Australian population.In 2 008, the Abortion Law Reform Bill decentralized abortion for citizens of Australia. Not only did it make abortion a legal procedure, but the bill also extended the window of time in which a woman has the opportunity to receive abortion run later conception. Many who are opposed to this new reformation believe ND bias without any strict, adhered-to guidelines. Now that abortion is no longer illegal, women are unafraid of punishment. However, in that location is still a great debate amongst medical lords as to whether or not they are required to perpetrate such a procedure Just because it is legal.Many doctors who are virtuously opposed to abortion are turning patients away, despite the new legality. The morality of abortion appears to be an even out stronger determinant than the legality of the procedure. In fact, in Robert audio frequencys article, Preventing Abortion as a Test Case for the Justifiability of Violence, Audio argues that while abortion whitethorn be gal, and mu rder illegal, it is morally acceptable (and he extends this to legally excusable) to prevent the in side of abortion by murdering the individual providing abortion services.While Audios stance on abortion is clearly an oppositional one, his argument is not as clear or as downstairsstandable despite ones personal views. In this combine moral-legal discussion, Audio asserts that a would-be mother and her physician are flagitious of murder/ twinge of the unhatched kid while any individual who acts in violence toward either the would-be mother or the physician is morally innocent cause of a commitment to protecting the as such innocent, the fetus.Whether it be a violent, harassing protest or actual physical harm done to an individual involved in providing abortion services, Audio argues that such behavior is morally justifiable and should not be punishable by law. Audios article is a bitter scholarly attack on all women who receive abortion services and all professionals who provide the service. His unsettling discourse leads us to wonder if, under Audios reasoning, women should fear being Justifiably killed for desiring or having an abortion.Due to Audios article and the number of pot in society who whitethorn agree with him, women who consider abortion services are traumatized repeatedly before, during and later such a procedure is performed. To make the decision to terminate a motherliness is traumatic enough. But Audios suggestions are horrific extensions of an already difficult situation. besidesmore, Audios language throughout the article is dry and attempts to come across as purpose.Instead of using buzz de deceasery such as God and the Bible when discussing the religious immorality of abortion, Audio uses weaker trigger words such as miracle, divine, and scripture which do not immediately Jump out at the deader as overtly incite by Christianity. Audio asserts that, regarding women who accept abortion services, We rotter act wrong count errevolution, one might say even when we are within our rights (Audio, 162). This shows the planetary house of Audios perspective with regards to the law and what is Just. On another religious path, F.Cam provides a new, peculiar argument in favor of abortion. Gammas qualitative discussion of the intrinsic advertise of flavor and the varying degrees of importance amongst living creatures is a perfect counter-argument to Audios radical perspective. Cam points out that the reason there is such scrappiness mingled with what one morally believes is right and what one might realistically do in congresswomans that may necessitate abortion services is that we believe in the sacredness of individual liveliness (including early fetal life) (Cam, 222).He argues that there is more human investment intellectually and emotionally in the mother, but the sacredness of both individuals mother and fetus is equal. Cam calls say-so to suffer greatly or even cease from a pregnancy that is carried to term, Cam asserts that the womans dying is worse more undesirable than if the fetus were ported. This follows a honey oil belief that while no deaths are always preferable, one death is more preferable than two. If a mother were to suffer complications or die during childbirth, there would be a great likely hood of veneering two deaths.Furthermore, Cam argues that women, as adults, have intrinsic, incremental objective value as closely as intentions, goals, and rights. Whereas a fetus only has intrinsic, incremental objective value (sacredness). This argument is particularly moving in that it reflects that desire to conjure up the health and well being of the adult woman. Gammas argument considers the whole tone of live that a woman facing the obstacle of abortion can potentially have due to the benefits that abortion procedures offer.Not many and clearly no Audios arguments adventure on into consideration the fact that once the ordeal is done, the womans q uality of life will be much better than if she had faced the risk of carrying a pregnancy to term and raising a child. Gammas argument is unique and may even inspire changes within the church and within communities in countries that are chiefly Christian. A key deciding factor in the internal debate women face of whether or not to go wrought with abortion procedures is the contrary aspects of responsibility. In an article by Lawrence B.Finer, Lori F. Forthwith, Lindsay A. Dauphine, Seashell Sings and Ann M. Moore, 1,209 abortion patients were surveyed and interviewed regarding their reasons for choosing to have an abortion. Finer et al found that the results indicated that women today are much more concerned with their reproduction and careers than what was previously understood. The majority of women seventy-four percentage of those interviewed reported that a child would interfere with their statement, their career, or the ability to care for pre-existing dependents.The nex t most common response seventy-three percent of those interviewed was that financial hardship and the unfitness to adequately provide for a child was the reason for terminating their pregnancy. The third most common deciding factor forty-eight percent of those interviewed was that the individual was going through relationship problems or was facing being a angiotensin-converting enzyme mother. An analysis of the body of work participants showed that 40% of the women had decided that they were through with their childbearing years and wanted no more children.Thirty percent of the women stated that they had no children and were not ready to come mothers at this time. The researchers also found that the percentage of women who say that their reasoning for getting an abortion was because their parents or their partner wanted them to was less than one percent. Also, the issue of health either that the individual was currently not in good health or that she feared a pregnancy wo uld agree her health was rarely a concern. This study, both qualitative and quantitative, revealed a great deal about the population of women receiving abortion services today.This article has helped to lift a better apprehension and lessen the misconceptions of the concerns and oratories of women today. Also, we are able to see that in the majority of cases the decision to get an abortion is not a spontaneous decision, but, rather, a well thought out and planned decision that has been analyzed carefully by the individual. Women with regards to how a child would affect their quality of life and how their current lifestyle would affect a childs quality of life if the pregnancy were carried to term.From 1987 to 2004, the reasons for seeking abortion services have remained consistent and the data have changed little. In the debate of morality, it is notable hat women are consciously considering and reconsidering all aspects of this decision. The majority of the women interviewed in this study felt that they were making the topper decision. While the consideration of ones gentility and career weigh heavily on women in the States, the same factors are not as paramount in other countries such as Japan.In a study by going IMHO titled Can Have Abortions But No Oral birth project device Pills Women and Reproductive Control in Japan, the issue of eugenic abortions and uncalled-for pregnancies is illuminate in a new light. In Japan, a strong tenseness is placed on the natural remedies of the body and healing. Anything synthetic and unnecessary is considered toxic. This includes oral contraceptive pills. While condom use is human racely certain as responsible and sufficient birth control, the use of condoms is not nearly as effective in preventing pregnancy as in the United States.This is because there is a common notion that condoms are only necessary on dangerous days, when a woman is ovulating and most likely to become meaning(a) (IMHO, 102). When intercou rse is had on a day that is not considered dangerous condoms are rarely used. The legalization of abortion came about primarily in commit o prevent extra-marital pregnancies due to the large number of conceptions that occurred because of ineffective contraception use. Micros quantitative report on the shocking number of abortions performed in Japan shows the striking cultural differences between eastern and western populations.In the post- macrocosm War II era in Japan, the desire for procreation and large families flipped to a taste perception for small families with only one or two children. The decision to save with a pregnancy or to terminate with abortion services was for the most part affected in this era by the advancement of medical cognition and eugenics. Thanks to new developments in medicine, women are able to have a portion of cells from the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus tested for transmissible defects. In Japan especially, any birth defects whether they b e cystic fibrosis, Downs syndrome, or ATA-cash, etc. Are reason for beneficial consideration and formability of abortion. However, after a large population of women did decide to use oral contraceptive pills after the development of a low-dose hormone pill, the number of abortions dropped significantly. Until these amount decreased, ninety-nine percent of all abortions in Japan were done so legally under the eugenic Protection Law. This law legalized induced abortions as early as 1948. In 1996, this law was renamed the Maternal Body Protection Law due too rise in opposition against eugenics.In 1955, Japan reported 1. 17 million abortions performed from each one year. This number slowly stockd as condoms became widely accepted as proper contraceptive use and declined further after World War II and eugenics practices became the norm. In the sasss, a group led by Nook Moisakos called for the abolition of abortion laws and the cessation of access to oral contraceptive pills. While m any agreed with their stance, Moisakos group was dismissed as radical, competitive womens liberation activists. Many saw the pill as a rate towards banning abortion.In her article, IMHO says, Since there is such and unfailing contraceptive such as the pill, abortions are no longer necessary (IMHO, 101). Eugenics played a large lineament in the popularity of abortions in Japan. In Sabine Frustums article Womens Rights? The Politics of Eugenic Abortion in Japan, we are urged to despise the process of screening fetus for defects and the process of eugenic abortion. It is Frustums position that the advancement of medical genealogy has launched a new era in abortion policy and has skyrocketed the number of abortions performed each year in Japan.While the numbers suggest that abortion rates have leveled and are fairly consistent year to year, Frustums makes a better argument for a negative disposition towards eugenics. For quite some time, as people watch the world of science grow and present new, unheard of feats, there has been concern over whether or not parents will eventually be able to biologically engineer the perfect child, taking all of the chance out of natures random order. This is a great concern of Frustums as well she calls this concept Freestanding in its depravity.While many people in America see abortion as something that only affects the lower classes and the poor, Frustums emphasizes the opposite that those with the financial means to screen their fetus for defects or diseases are the ones who are taking advantage of abortion services the most. However, Rachel K. Jones and her colleagues countered this idea by conducting a study entitled, Patterns in the Socioeconomic Characteristics of Women Obtaining Abortions in 2000-2001 . Jones et al. Adhered a representative sample of 10,000 women receiving abortion services ND analyzed their socioeconomic characteristics. In 2000, twenty-one in every one thousand women had an abortion. This ratio is startling in itself. Further analysis of their study participants gave more details as to the circumstances of our society. Jones et al. appoint that there was a higher rate of abortions amongst women who were between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine, were unmarried, glum or Hispanic, economically disadvantaged, had a previous birth, lived in a metropolitan area, and who were Christian.While there was an eleven percent decline in abortion dates from 1994 to 2000, the decline was mostly in women ages seventeen to twenty, and the rate actually increased amongst women who were poor or on Medicaid. Jones et al. Found that a high pregnancy rate is directly cogitate to a high abortion rate. The researchers concluded that the only way to prevent abortion is to provide better opportunities for the lower classes in the forms of education and better health care.A decrease in unsought pregnancies can be made possible by increasing awareness of, understanding of, and access to contracep tives whether they be condoms, intrauterine devices, oral contraceptive pills, etc. burst health care for those who are struggling financially would also provide better access to contraceptives. Similarly, because abortion services generally cost between $400 and $600, many women who are not in a financial position to afford professional services decide to obtain an abortion by other means. In an article by M.Bearer titled, Making Abortions untroubled A Matter of Good Public Health Policy and Practice, women are obtaining unsafe or unsanitary abortion Bearer analyzed the statistics of transmittance and mortality caused by improper abortion procedures. While the article partly encourages abortion and especially the equalization of such procedures, the emphasis of her article is on the health and safety of women. As many researchers have shown, the number of abortions that are performed is consistent across most countries, whether the process is illegal or not.Women are still res orting to abortion in times of unwanted pregnancy despite the possible legal ramifications. Servers stance is that with this in mind that abortion is going to be a part of society whether we ban it or not we might as well approve and legalize abortion so that women have the option of having the procedure done in a fee, clean environment rather than in a broken down repositing shed by a man with a coat hanger.Abortion accounts for xiii percent of maternal mortality (Serer, 580) and menstrual regulation (the process of removing the lining of a womans uterus, similar to the natural menstrual cycle, to expel any ingrained eggs, whether fertilized or not) is steadily increasing. In order to make abortion a completely safe procedure, we must first legalize abortion. Furthermore, training in abortion procedures should be required for all medical professionals nurses, midwives, even pediatricians and number Just obstetrics and genealogy physicians, Bearer says.If we cannot legalize abortion, Bearer recommends at least reducing the punishment for those convicted of criminal abortion. Researchers Hide Bart Johnston, Elizabeth Olivers, Sashimi Skater, and Diana G. pushchair agree with Bearer in their article, Health System Costs of catamenial Regulation and Care for Abortion Complications in Bangladesh. Johnston et al. Advocate for increasing education and awareness of menstrual regulation as a birth control method in order to bridge the gap between unwanted pregnancy and abortion.These researchers assert that menstrual regulation a process similar to the implantation of an intrauterine device in which a physician inserts a tube into a womans cervix and removes via vacuum the lining of the uterus is cheaper for medical service providers than treating the complications of illegal abortions. When abortion procedures go wrong, complications are a serious drain on medical resources in Bangladesh. This technique has also lead to a decrease in maternal deaths and has improved the economic conditions in the health care sector.In addition to their analysis of cost data related to abortion complications versus menstrual regulation, Johnston et al. Emphasize that this method of menstrual regulation reduces unwanted pregnancies without abortion and the terrible consequences that come with substandard abortion services. It is a simple, degraded procedure that side tonuss illegal abortions and which can be seen as an ethical mall ground between abortion and carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term. This procedure is legal in most countries that have banned abortion. Johnston et al. Advocate for improved education for women who may benefit from this procedure.The common theme amongst all of the articles we have discussed so far is that ore and better medical services should be available to women whether it be to prevent unwanted pregnancy, to provide better care for pregnant women, or to provide abortion services. In a case study by Maharani Malari a, S. Sirius, and S. A researchers discuss the tragic case of a 26 year old woman who received an ill-performed abortion by a man with a wooden stick. The woman came into the emergency room suffering from abdominal pain and a sever fever indicating infection. Septic abortion is a spontaneous, therapeutic or artificial abortion complicated by pelvic infection (Malaria, 149). In India, twelve percent of maternal deaths are caused by septic abortion. After describing this horrific case, Malaria et al. Strongly recommend to the public that abortion policy be reviewed and legalized in order to prevent the instance of septic abortion. In an anonymous article titled A dilute Tells Why She Performed Abortions And Still Would and written under the pseudonym Dry. X, a womanly doctor describes why she refuses to stop providing abortion services.The number of providers of abortion services (that is, licensed and medically trained with sanitary facilities) has decreased from 2,680 in 1985 to 1,787 in 2005. And while doctors are retiring, the new enervation of physicians are not being taught how to perform abortion services. As teaching hospitals have merged with religious institutions, abortion is no longer being taught to medical students. There are more than 1. 5 million abortions performed each year, making it the most common medical procedure in the United States. However, there are few and fewer providers of such services despite the consistent demand.This has resulted in more amateur providers conducting the procedure in less-than-sanitary conditions. Similarly, the aggressiveness and number of protesters outside of abortion clinics has risen to shocking levels. Instead of seeking out abortion services, women are hiding from the shame placed on them by these protesters, staying at home, and attempting to perform the procedures on themselves with reeds or knitting needles (Dry. X, 1265). According to Dry. X, the solution to this problem is, all physicians who ca re for reproductive-age women should have opt-out, rather than opt-in, abortion training (Dry.X, 1266). This will encourage medical students to participate in the training rather than going through the process of opting out of the course. This is one realistic solution to the problem of declining numbers of abortion service revisers. However, the consensus still seems to be that the most important step for us to take is legalizing abortion and doing away with punishments for those who receive and perform abortion services. In an article posted in the London Lancet, titled Abortion in the U. S. A. , the statistics of abortion in America are clearly outlined.Nearly half of all pregnancies are unintended. There are twenty-two abortions performed for every one thousand pregnancies. And while the legalization of abortion has changed over time and across cultures, the abortion incidence, rate and ratio have remained the same. Drug induced abortion is a new phenomenon that is peeking the interest of women all over the country. But these articles have left us wondering, is it better for women to experiment with chemicals and knitting needles than to provide professional abortion services? Where do our moral principles lie?Who is the priority in this situation the health and lives of women all over the globe or unborn fetus that have not yet begun to experience life? While the morality issue is certainly one of open debate, there is a platform on which we all can agree we must take provide care for all. The statistics have proven omen facing an unwanted pregnancy are still going to seek abortion services if they decide it is the only feasible option. The tone and primary focus of the scholarly journal articles reviewed here vary along a wide spectrum.