Effects Of Women Incarceration On Young Children Essay

Wo impartforce captivity has been on increase since the 19th century. This has had various rears on minorren of these absorbed mformer(a)s. When a woman is incarcerated, whatever happens to their pincerren is a matter of gigantic concern. This paper aims at dispositioning the impacts of women internment on children. This is in relation to their development and well being. (Beckerman, 1994) It is good to divvy up the family ne 2rks when looking at the impact of women incarceration on young children. A childs development level has to be considered too when looking at the effect of women imprison housement.Pargonntal incarceration has been increasing at an grand rate since the course of study 1991. In the year 1991 thither were approximately 450,000 p arnts imprisoned and by the year 2000 this number had increased to 437,400. The number of children that were bear on to a fault rose from 930,000 to 1,530, 500 during the same period. The number of women prisoners has cont inued to increase at a very fast rate as comp atomic number 18d to men. From the year 1991 to the year 2000 there has been an 87 sh beage increase in the number incarcerated women as comp ard to 61 percent increase in number of incarcerated men.Research shows that l eight percent of the children that interest a shit incarcerated p atomic number 18nts fall below the age of 10 eld. The mean age is eight years. Research indicates that cardinal eight percent of the women in prisons put one across never been marry. This means that they argon single p bents. twenty dollar bill pentad percent of incarcerated women were separated or divorced. Approximately twenty triplet to thirty 6 percent of the women were married. Research shows that women incarceration can provoke different impacts on young children whether they were residing with the children or non when they got imprisoned.It is very pellucid that in case the women were not staying with their children, then there are owing(p) chances that there was no meaningful social relationship between the two parties (children and baffles). Research shows that women incarceration has multiple effects on young children beca custom when men are imprisoned, it is the women who dash care of the children. When this happens mothers use orderty percent of their beat in care giving. Now the case is the other way round, that is, when women are imprisoned. (Pollock, 2002)Research indicates that in the case of women incarceration the men that use twenty three to thirty one percent of their time to take care of young children. Friends can use approximately ten to dozen percent of their time to help term relatives assume the parenting role in approximately twenty six to thirty four percent of the cases only. These disparities in parenting responsibilities show the exact picture in the society that mothers play with child(p) roles in parenting especially in intact families. (Boudin, 1998)Women in closely cases a re more likely to be imprisoned because of fraud and drug offences. The event of offence always determines the period that they stay in prison. Women incarceration has got great impacts on young children than men incarceration. According to various scholars, incarceration is not ripe a discrete or single event unless it is actually a dynamic process that ordinarily unfolds with time. (Chesney, 1983) Arrest soma The unharmed impact of women incarceration on children during this phase is indicated in an broken picture.Research shows that one out of five children is ordinarily present at the time of arrest. The child normally witnesses the mother being taken to prison by policemen or the relevant authorities. Statistics show that in most cases, the other children are out playing or in school or doing other leisure activities. Research carried out in the year 2005 in unify States shows that more than half of the children who witness this scenario are adversely affected. (Boudi n, 1998) In most cases these children are normally below seven years and are care of their mother only as per that time.Surveys carried out in nine states in United States, that is, Chicago, manuscript, Oregon, New Mexico, Texas, New Jersey, Boston, Florida and Washington D. C break off this. Forty percent of the children who had ever witnessed their mothers being arrested were interviewed. Thirty eight percent of the children respondents admitted that they constantly suffered flashbacks and nightmares in relation to the incident. The occurrence was more prevalent during the start-off month that their mothers were arrested. Overall management of explanationThere are so many controversies that enfold the issue of providing young children with the tuition concerning their mothers undergoing incarceration. There are those who argue that children should not know that their mother has undergone such a pitiful thing. This according to the assertions helps in minimizing the trauma th at goes hand in hand with this separation. (Covington, 1997) On the other hand, other scholars argue that failure to disclose this important information can increase the frantic distress of the child. This is termed as camarilla of silence. careless(predicate) of whether women are the ones incarcerated or not, they are charged with the responsibility of explaining the whole accompaniment to the children. Research carried out in the year 1997 indicates that out of thirty five cases only eight of these cases did the fathers offer their children an explanation concerning their mother being incarcerated. (Chesney, 1983) In most of the cases the explanation provided is sooner general and vague. Many relatives and fathers lie to their children concerning the deviance of their mother.There are variations such that whatsoever families use total fraud while others use partial deception when explaining why the mother is missing. This conspiracy of deception has got various impacts on th e childrens ability to cope with the whole issue. Children who are not well informed about their mothers absence are very fearful and anxious. Inmost cases women incarcerations occur when the fastener of the children to their mothers has already substantial. This can lead to adverse effects on the child because he or she could have spent the first nine to twelve months with the mother. (Covington, 1997)This normally results in insecure attachments. This is beneficial but a progeny of the adverse shifts in life circumstances. This in most cases makes the child to have very poor relationships during his or her adolescent years. Another adverse effect of the childs mother undergoing incarceration is that it makes the child to develop debased cognitive abilities. This is very common to young children between two to six years of age. (Enos, 1998) The effects of women incarceration on young children are quite diverse. Young children with incarcerated mothers alike tend to suffer fro m psychological or frantic problems.This is trooped through withdrawal. In this case the children never want to associate with others and like being on their own even during play time. Psychological problems are also exhibited through depression, hyper care and fretfulness. In the case of hyper vigilance, the children are just too cautious or alert. The children whose mother has been incarcerated can also exhibit externalizing behaviors. They include great hostility towards siblings and care go awayrs, aggression and anger. Research in United States prisons shows that very few prisons permit women prisoners to keep their infants.In most of the cases the mothers are just permitted few days of contact with their babies. (Henriquez, 1996) This makes it very hard for the mother and baby to bond. This does not give the baby the opportunity to be well-known(prenominal) with the mother. When the mother is finally released from prison, she comes back home when the child has already de veloped and is not emotionally attached to her. This just results in children having behavioral and emotional problems later in life. (Pollock, 2002) In case the mothers incarceration occurs when the children are in the school going age, they automatically get affected in their academics.These children also have problems with their peer relationships. Research shows that more than forty five percent of children with incarcerated mothers have school problems. This can result the children performing poorly at school. For young children between the ages of six to eight years old whose mothers were incarcerated, there was much unwillingness to go to school. This can be termed in other words as school phobias. This was in most cases for the up to six weeks after the mother being imprisoned. Other reports show that seventy one percent of 170 children of incarcerated mothers had very poor achievement in their academics.They also had behavioral problems while in school. When other students know of the issue concerning the incarceration of the child, they tend to tease the child and he or she may become ostracized by peers. This can even lead to cut out out from school if not suspension because of behavioral problems. (Enos, 1998) Boys and girls While the effects of women incarceration are expected to adversely affect girls more than boys, there is no adequate evidence to back up these allegations. Both boys and girls are normally adversely affected by the incarceration of their mothers.The only loss is that they generally express their reactions quite differently. Girls in most instances exhibit internalizing problems while boys exhibit externalizing behavior problems due to incarceration of their mother. (Owen, 1995) As illustrated earlier on, some of the women that are incarcerated are single parents. They may never have gotten married or they could have gone through a divorce. When arrests are do either to a man or a woman, there is normally no prior informatio n that this act will be carried out. then in most cases the woman is found off guard when she is not prepared to leave her family.This is in relation to who will fend or take care of the children. Children may have gone to school only to come back to an empty house without a mother. This can authentically cause distress to children when it is a single parent family as they have to fend for themselves. The impact is what we currently see on the streets-street children who were left butt joint by incarcerated mothers. This causes a lot of destabilization to young children because they are not old enough to work. They cannot afford to pay rent and therefore they just have to beg on the streets. Other children become house helps so that they can cater for their basis needs.They even carry work as baby sitters. Children whose mothers have been imprisoned can have eating problems. This is a result of the stress or depression of not having their mother well-nigh especially during meal t imes. Other children whose mothers have been incarcerated normally have clinging behavior. They also exhibit truancy in church attendance. When mothers are imprisoned the health of the children is known to automatically deteriorate. This is according to the recent studies carried out in Florida, Boston, Mississippi and New Jersey. Women are normally concerned with the health of the children a great deal more than men.There are instances when children have health problems and women because of their concern, take care of them. (Sobel, 1982) Most men come back late from work and leave early and therefore may not know so much in relation to the health of the children. Little things like allergies to foods are better known to the mother. When there is incarceration of the women the health of children declines because men or fathers care less. They may leave the duties to house helps who may not give maximum attention to the child as required. This results in health constipation of child ren. ConclusionIncarceration of women has been on increase and this has got various effects on young children. Children who witness their mother being arrested have nightmares and flashbacks of the whole scenario. Fathers and relatives normally withhold information concerning the incarceration of the mother. This is conspiracy of silence and it increases fear and anxiety in children. A mothers incarceration makes a child to have emotional or psychological problems which are exhibited through depression, hyper vigilance and anxiety. In case the child is of school going age it results in poor performance in his or her academics.